Abstract
Subjective well-being (SWB) refers to an evaluation of an individual’s life from his or her own perspective. It contrasts sharply with evaluations made from the point of view of external observers (researchers or policymakers), which are based on objective criteria related to health, education, income or other aspects (Diener, 2006). Recently, prominent SWB researchers have argued forcefully in favour of supplementing traditional objective indicators of well-being or quality of life (such as economic indicators) with indicators of SWB (thus, people’s evaluations and feelings about their lives). This should provide the public and politicians with more complete and relevant information for public discussion and political decision-making (see Diener, Kesebir and Lucas, 2008). In our opinion, these arguments apply with equal measure to the quality of life and SWB of older adults. The following list is an overview of policy questions about these issues. The list comprises five sets of questions that will in part be answered in later sections of the chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Andrews, F.M. and S.B. Withey (1976) Social Indictors of Well-being (New York: Plenum Press).
Baltes, P.B. and M.M. Baltes (1990) ‘Psychological Perspectives on Successful Aging: The Model of Selective Optimization with Compensation’ in P.B. Baltes and M.M. Baltes (eds) Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences (New York: Cambridge University Press), pp. 1–34.
Bradburn, N.M. (1969) The Structure of Psychological Well-being (Chicago: Aldine).
Brandtstädter, J. and K. Rothermund (2002) ‘The Life-course Dynamics of Goal Pursuit and Goal Adjustment: A Two-process Framework’. Developmental Review, 22, 117–150.
Brickman, P. and D.T. Campbell (1971) ‘Hedonic Relativism and Planning the Good Society’ in M.H. Appley (ed.) Adaptation Level Theory: A Symposium (New York: Academic Press), pp. 287–302.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
Charles, S.T., C.A. Reynolds and M. Gatz (2001) ‘Age-related Differences and Change in Positive and Negative Affect over 23 Years’. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80, 136–151.
Coan, J.A. and J.J.B. Allen (eds) (2007) Handbook of Emotion Elicitation and Assessment (New York: Oxford University Press).
Costa, P.T. and R.P. McCrae (1993) ‘Psychological Research in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging’. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie, 26, 138–141.
Cummins, R.A., R. Eckersley, J. Pallant, J. van Vugt and R. Misajon (2003) ‘Developing a National Index of Subjective Wellbeing: The Australian Unity Wellbeing Index’. Social Indicators Research, 64, 159–190.
DeNeve, K.M. and H. Cooper (1998) ‘The Happy Personality: A Meta-analysis of 137 Personality Traits and Subjective Well–being’. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197–229.
Diener, E. (2006) ‘Guidelines for National Indicators of Subjective Well-being and Ill-being’. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1, 151–157.
Diener, E., R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larsen and S. Griffin (1985) ‘The Satisfaction with Life Scale’, Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
Diener, E. and M.E. Suh (1998) ‘Subjective Well-being and Age: An International Analysis’, Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17, 304–324.
Diener, E., S. Oishi and R.E. Lucas (2003) ‘Personality, Culture, and Subjective Well-being: Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life’, Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403–425.
Diener, E., R.E. Lucas and C. Scollon (2006) ‘Beyond the Hedonic Treadmill: Revising the Adaptation Theory of Well-being’, American Psychologist, 61, 305–314.
Diener, E., P. Kesebir and R. Lucas (2008) ‘Benefit of Accounts of Well-being - for Societies and for Psychological Science’, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57, 37–53.
Easterlin, R.A. (2006) ‘Life Circle Happiness and its Sources: Intersections of Psychology, Economics and Demography’, Journal of Economic Psychology, 27, 463–482.
Easterlin, R.A. and O. Sawangfa (2007) ‘Happiness and Domain Satisfaction: Theory and Evidence’, Bonn: IZA discussion paper 2584.
Ferri, C.P., M. Prince, C. Brayne, H. Brodaty, L. Fratiglioni, M. Ganguli, K. Hall, K. Hasegawa, H. Hendrie, Y. Huang, A. Jorm, C. Mathers, P. R Menezes, E. Rimmer, M. Scazufca, for Alzheimer ’s Disease International (2005) ‘Global Prevalence of Dementia: A Delphi Consensus Study’, Lancet, 366, 2112–2117.
Ferring, D. and S.-H. Filipp (1997) ‘Subjektives Wohlbefinden im Alter: Struktur- und Stabilitätsanalysen’ [Subjective Well-being in Old Age: Analyses of Structure and Stability], Psychologische Beiträge, 39, 236–258.
Ferring, D., C. Balducci, V. Burholt, C.G. Wenger, F. Thissen, G. Weber and I. Hallberg-Rahm (2004) ‘Life Satisfaction of Older People in Six European Countries: Findings from the European Study on Adult Well-being’, European Journal of Ageing, 1, 15–25.
Filipp, S.-H. and P. Aymanns (2010) Kritische Lebensereignisse und Lebenskrisen [Critical Life Events and Life Crises] (Stuttgart: Kohlhammer).
Frederick, S. and G. Loewenstein (1999) ‘Hedonic Adaptation‘ in D. Kahneman, E. Diener and N. Schwarz (eds) Well-being: The Foundations of Hedonic Psychology (New York: Sage), pp. 302–329.
Gable, S.L. and J. Haidt (2005) ‘What (and Why) is Positive Psychology?’ Review of General Psychology, 9, 103–110.
Gerstorf, D., N. Ram, C. Röcke, U. Lindenberger and J. Smith (2008a) ‘Decline in Life-satisfaction in Old Age: Longitudinal Evidence for Links to Distance to Death, Psychology and Aging, 23, 154–168.
Gerstorf, D., N. Ram, R. Estabrook, J. Schupp, G.G. Wagner and U. Lindenberger (2008b) ‘Life Satisfaction Shows Terminal Decline in Old Age: Longitudinal Evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP)’, Developmental Psychology, 44, 1148–1159.
Greenfield, E.A. and N.F. Marks (2004) ‘Formal Volunteering as a Protective Factor for Older Adults’ Psychological Well-being’, Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59B, S258-S264.
Heckhausen, J., C. Wrosch and R. Schulz (2010) ‘A Motivational Theory of Life-span Development’, Psychological Review, 117, 32–60.
Hsieh, C.-M. (2003) ‘Counting Importance: The Case of Life Satisfaction and Relative Domain Importance’, Social Indicators Research, 61, 227–240.
Hsieh, C.-M. (2005) ‘Age and Relative Importance of Major Life Domains’, Journal of Aging Studies, 19, 503–512.
Isaacson, D. and J. Smith (2003) ‘Positive and Negative Affect in Very Old Age’, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, P143-P152.
Jopp, D. and C. Rott (2006) ‘Adaptation in Very Old Age: Exploring the Role of Resources, Beliefs, and Attitudes for Centenarians’ Happiness’, Psychology and Aging, 21, 266–280.
Kahneman, D., A.B. Krueger, D.A. Schkade, N. Schwarz and A.A. Stone (2004) ‘A Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method’, Science, 306, 1776–1780.
Knight, B. (2004) Psychotherapy with Older Adults (New York: Sage).
Kohli, M. and H. Künemund (2010) ‘Social Networks’ in L. Bovenberg, A. van Soest and A. Zaid (eds) Aging, Health and Pensions in Europe (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. xxx-yyy.
Kunzmann, U., T.D. Little and J. Smith (2000) ‘Is Age-related Stability of Subjective Well-being a Paradox? Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Evidence from the Berlin Aging Study’, Psychology and Aging, 15, 511–526.
Lawrence, R.H. and J. Liang (1988) ‘Structural Integration of the Affect Balance Scale and the Life Satisfaction Index A: Race, Sex and Age Differences’, Psychology and Aging, 3, 375–384.
Lewin, S. (1996) ‘Economics and Psychology: Lessons for our Own Day from the Early Twentieth Century’, Journal of Economic Literature, 34, 1293–1323.
Logsdon, R.G., L.E. Gibbons, S.M. McCurry and L. Teri (2002) ‘Assessing Quality of Life in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment’, Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 510–519.
Lucas, R.E. (2007a) ‘Adaptation and the Set-point Model of Subjective Well-being. Does Happiness Change after Major Life Events?’, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 75–79.
Lucas, R.E. (2007b) ‘Long-term Disability is Associated with Lasting Changes in Subjective Well-being: Evidence from Two Nationally Representative Longitudinal Studies’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 717–730.
Lucas, R.E. (2008) ‘Personality and Subjective Well-being’ in M. Eid and R.J. Larson (eds), The Science of Subjective Well-being (New York: Guilford Press), pp. 171–194.
Lucas, R.E., A.E. Clark, Y. Georgellis and E. Diener (2003) ‘Reexamining Adaptation and the Set Point Model of Happiness: Reactions to Changes in Marital Status’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 527–539.
Lyubomirsky, S., L. King and E. Diener (2005) ‘The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success?’ Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.
Lyubomirsky, S., K.M. Sheldon and D. Schkade (2005) ‘Pursuing Happiness: The Architecture of Sustainable Change’, Review of General Psychology, 9, 111–131.
McMunn, A., J. Nazroo, M. Wahrendorf, E. Breeze and P. Zaninotto (2009) ‘Participation in Socially-productive Activities, Reciprocity and Wellbeing in Later Life: Baseline Results in England’, Ageing and Society, 29, 765–782.
Michalos, A.C. (1986) ‘An Application of Multiple Discrepancies Theory (MDT) to Seniors’, Social Indicators Research, 18, 349–373.
Mollenkopf, H., F. Marcellini, I. Ruoppila, Z. Széman, M. Tacken and H.-W. Wahl (2004) ‘Social and Behavioural Science Perspectives on Out-of-home Mobility in Later Life: Findings from the European Project MOBILATE’, European Journal of Ageing, 1, 45–53.
Mroczek, D.K. and A. Spiro III (2005) ‘Change in Life Satisfaction During Adulthood: Findings from the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 189–202.
Murrell, S.A. and S. Meeks (2002) ‘Psychological, Economic and Social Mediators of the Education-health Relationship in Older Adults’, Journal of Aging and Health, 14, 527–550.
Palgi, Y., A. Shrira, M. Ben-Ezra, T. Spalter, D. Shmotkin and G. Kave (2010) ‘Delineating Terminal Change in Subjective Well-being and Subjective Health: Brief Report’, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65B, 61–64
Pinquart, M. (1997) ‘Selbstkonzept- und Befindensunterschiede im Erwachsenenalter: Ergebnisse von Metaanalysen’, [Differences in Self-concept and Well-being across the Adult Life Span: Results of Meta-analyses]. Zeitschrift für Gerontopsychologie und-Psychiatrie, 10, 17–25.
Pinquart, M. (2001) ‘Age Differences in Perceived Positive Affect, Negative Affect and Affect Balance in Middle and Old Age’, Journal of Happiness Studies, 2, 375–405.
Pinquart, M. and S. Sörensen (2000) ‘Influences of Socioeconomic Status, Social Network, and Competence on Subjective Well-being in Later Life: A Meta-analysis’, Psychology and Aging, 15, 187–224.
Pinquart, M. and S. Sörensen (2001) ‘How Effective are Psychotherapeutic and Other Psychosocial Interventions with Older Adults? A Meta-analysis’, Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 7, 207–243.
Pinquart, M. and S. Sörensen (2003) ‘Differences Between Caregivers and Noncaregivers in Psychological Health and Physical Health: A Meta-analysis’, Psychology and Aging, 18, 250–267.
Pinquart, M. and S. Sörensen (2005) ‘Caregiving Distress and Psychological Health of Caregivers’ in K.V. Oxington (ed.) Psychology of Stress (New York: Nova Science Publishers), pp. 165–206.
Pinquart, M. and I. Schindler (2007) ‘Changes of Life Satisfaction in the Transition to Retirement: A Latent-class Approach’, Psychology and Aging, 22, 442–455.
Plagnol, A.C. and R.A. Easterlin (2008) ‘Aspirations, Attainments and Satisfaction: Life Cycle Differences between American Women and Men’, Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 601–619.
Pons, D., F.L. Atienza, I. Balaguer and M.L. Garcia-Merita (2000) ‘Satisfaction with Life Scale: Analysis of Factorial Invariance for Adolescents and Elderly Persons’, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 62–68.
Pushkar, D., J. Chaikelson, M. Conway, J. Etezadi, C. Giannopoulus, K. Li and C. Wrosch (2010) ‘Testing Continuity and Activity Variables as Predictors of Positive and Negative Affect in Retirement’, Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65B, 42–49.
Roick, C., A. Hinz and H.-J. Gertz (2007) ‘Kann Lebensqualität bei Demenzkranken Valide Bestimmt Werden? Eine Aktuelle Übersicht über Messinstrumente und Methodische Probleme‘ [Is Quality of Life in Dementia Patients Validly Estimable? A Current Review about Measuring Instruments and Methodological Problems], Psychiatrische Praxis, 34, 108–116.
Schilling, O. (2006) ‘Development of Life Satisfaction in Old Age: Another View in the “Paradox”’. Social Indicators Research, 75, 241–271.
Schimmack, U. (2008) ‘The Structure of Subjective Well-being’ in M. Eid and R.J. Larson (eds) The Science of Subjective Well-being (New York: Guilford Press), pp. 97–123.
Sigrist, J. and M. Wahrendorf (2010) ‘Social Productivity and Well-being’ in L. Bovenberg, A. van Soest and A. Zaid (eds), Aging, Health and Pensions in Europe (Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan), pp. xxx-yyy.
Smith, J. (2002) ‘The Fourth age: A Period of Psychological Mortality?’ In Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften and Ernst Schering Research Foundation (eds), Biomolecular Aspects of Aging: The Social and Ethical Implications (Max-Planck-Forum No. 4) (München: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft), pp. 75–88.
Staudinger, U. (2000) ‘Viele Gründe Sprechen Dagegen, und Totzdem Geht es Vielen Menschen Gut: Das Paradox des Subjektiven Wohlbefindens’ [Many Reasons Speak Against it, Yet Many People Feel Good: The Paradox of Subjective Well-being], Psychologische Rundschau, 51, 185–197.
Thomae, H. (1970) ‘Theory of Aging and Cognitive Theory of Personality’, Human Development, 13, 1–13.
Vaarama, M. (2009) ‘Care-related Quality of Life in Old Age’, European Journal of Aging, 6, 113–125.
van Praag, B.M.S., P. Frijters and A. Ferrer-i-Carbonell (2003) ‘The Anatomy of Subjective Well-being’, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 51, 29–49.
van Willigen, M. (2000) ‘Differential Benefits of Volunteering across the Life Course. Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55B, S308-S318.
Watson, D., L.A. Clark and A. Tellegen (1988) ‘Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and Negative Affect: The PANAS Scales’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070.
Wheeler, J.A., K.M. Gorey and B. Greenblatt (1998) ‘The Beneficial Effects of Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People They Serve: A Meta-analysis’, International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 47, 69–79.
Banerjee, S., K. Samsi, C.D. Petrie, J. Alvir, M. Treglia, E.M. Schwam and M. del Valle (2009) 'What Do We Know about Quality of Life in Dementia? A Review of the Emerging Evidence on the Predictive and Explanatory Value of Disease Specific Measures of Health-related Quality of Life in People with Dementia', International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24: 15–24.
Beckman, N., M. Waern, D. Gustafson and I. Skoog (2008) 'Secular Trends in Self-reported Sexual Activity and Satisfaction in Swedish 70-Year-Olds: Cross-sectional Survey of Four Populations, 1971–2001’, British Medical Journal, 337:a279.
Copeland, J.R.M., A.T.F Beekman, M.E. Dewey, C. Hooijer, A. Jordan, B.A. Lawlor, A. Lobo, H. Magnússon, A. Mann, I. Meller, M.J. Prince, F. Reischies, C. Turrina, M.W. deVries and K.C.M. Wilson (1999) ‘Depression in Europe. Geographical Distribution among Older People’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 174: 312–321.
Hofman, A. and the EURODEM Prevalence Research Group (1991) ‘The Prevalence of Dementia in Europe: A Collaborative Study of 1980-1990 Findings’, International Journal of Epidemiology, 20: 736–748.
Albrecht, G. and P. Devlieger (1999) 'The Disability Paradox: High Quality of Life Against All Odds', Social Science and Medicine, 48, 977–988.
Anger, E., M. Ray, K. Saag and J. Allison (2009) ‘Health and Happiness among Older Adults’, Journal of Health Psychology, 14(4), 503–512.
Blanchflower, D. and A. Oswald (2007) ‘Is Well-being U-Shaped over the Life Cycle?’ NBER working paper 12935.
Cummins, R.A. (1995) ‘On the Trail of the Gold Standard for Subjective Well-being’, Social Indicators Research, 35, 179–200.
Cummins, R.A. (1998) ‘The Second Approximation to an International Standard for Life Satisfaction’, Social Indicators Research, 35, 179–200.
Delhey (2004) ‘Life Satisfaction in an Enlarged Europe’, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities).
Ferring, D. and T. Boll (2009) ‘Regulation of Psycho-social Well-being in Ageing’, ESF Forward Look "Ageing, Health and Pensions in Europe, The Hague Gundelach, P. and S. Kreiner (2004) ‘Happiness and Life Satisfaction in Advanced European Countries’, Cross Cultural Research, 38(4), 359–366.
Inglehart, R. (2002) ‘Gender, Aging, and Subjective Well-Being’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43, 391–408.
Lykkens, D. and A. Tellegen (1996) ‘Happiness is a Stochastic Phenomenon’, Psychological Science, 7, 186–189.
Marinié, M and T. Brkljacie (2008) ‘Love over Gold – The Correlation of Happiness Level with Some Life Satisfaction Factors between Persons with and without Physical Disability’, Journal of Development Physical Disability. 20, 527–540.
Paúl, C., S. Ayis and S. Ebrahim (2007) ‘Disability and Psychosocial Outcomes in Old Age’, Journal of Aging Health, 19, 723–741.
Veenhoven, R. (2008) ‘Healthy Happiness: Effects of Happiness on Physical Health and the Consequences for Preventive Health Care’, Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 449–469.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2010 Dieter Ferring / Thomas Boll
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ferring, D., Boll, T. (2010). Subjective Well-being in Older Adults: Current State and Gaps of Research. In: Bovenberg, L., van Soest, A., Zaidi, A. (eds) Ageing, Health and Pensions in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307346_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230307346_7
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-32868-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-30734-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social Sciences CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)