Abstract
This chapter is concerned with understanding how the role of the central broker influences the effectiveness of an intentionally created network in an elite sports context. Intentionally created networks, in contrast to organic or naturally occurring networks, are a conceptually undeveloped area (Benson-Rea and Wilson, 2003; Pihkala, Varamäki and Vesalainen, 1999; Tikkanen and Parvinen, 2006). Few studies have been undertaken into networks in either the sports sector context (Cousens and Slack, 2005; Erickson and Kushner, 1999; Thibault and Harvey, 1997; Wolfe, Meenaghan and O’Sullivan, 2002) or the not-forprofit sector, making this particular study a newer context for network research. Our work also answers calls by Håkansson (2006) and Möller and Rajala (2007) to identify and categorize the different types of network structure and their important features. The study seeks to develop a deeper understanding of causal events for the effectiveness of networks, and to discover conditions under which these events occur and how they are related to network effectiveness.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Achrol, R.S. and Kotler, P. (1999) ‘Marketing in the Network Economy’, Journal of Marketing, 63(Special Issue): 146–163.
Ahuja, G. (2000) ‘Collaboration Networks, Structural Holes, and Innovation: A Longitudinal Study’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(3): 425–455.
Anderson, J.C., Håkansson, H. and Johanson, J. (1994) ‘Dyadic Business Relationships Within a Business Network Context’,c Journal of Marketing, 58(4): 1–15.
Baum, J.A.C., Calbreses, T. and Silverman, B.S. (2000) ‘Don’t Go It Alone: Alliance Network Competition and Startups’ Performance in Canadian Biotechnology’, Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 267–294.
Benson-Rea, M. and Wilson, H. (2003) ‘Networks, Learning and Their Lifecycle’, European Management Journal, 21(5): 599–597.
Birkinshaw, J., Bessant, J. and Delbridge, R. (2007) ‘Finding, Forming, and Performing: Creating Networks for Discontinuous Innovation’, California Management Review, 49(3): 67–84.
Blankenburg-Holm, D., Eriksson, K. and Johanson, J. (1996) ‘Business Networks and Cooperation in International Business Relationships’, Journal of International Business Studies, 27(5): 1033–1053.
Blundel, R. (2002) ‘Network Evolution and the Growth of Artisanal Firms: A Tale of Two Regional Cheese Makers’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 14(1): 1–30.
Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G. and Freeman, L.C. (2002) UCINET for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis (Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies).
Brass, D.J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H.R. and Tsai, W. (2004) ‘Taking Stock of Networks and Organisations: A Multilevel Perspective’, Academy of Management Journal, 47(6): 795–817.
Brown, S.L. and Eisenhardt, K.M. (1997) ‘The Art of Continuous Change: Linking Complexity Theory and Time-paced Evolution in Relentlessly Shifting Organizations’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1): 1–34.
Burt, R.S. (1992) Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
Burt, R.S. (1997) ‘The Contingent Value of Social Capital’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2): 339–365.
Campbell, A.J. and Cooper, R.G. (1999) ‘Do Customer Partnerships Improve New Product Success Rates?’, Industrial Marketing Management, 28(5): 507–519.
Campbell, A.J. and Wilson, D.T. (1996) ‘Managed Networks: Creating Strategic Advantage’, in D. Iacobucci (ed.), Networking in Marketing (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage): 125–143.
Carson, D. and Coviello, N.E. (1996) ‘Qualitative Research Issues at the Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface’, Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 14(6): 51–58.
Chetty, S.K. and Agndal, H. (2008) ‘The Role of Interorganizational Networks and Interpersonal Networks in an Industrial District’, Regional Studies, 42(2): 175–187.
Chetty, S.K. and Blankenburg-Holm, D. (2000) ‘Internationalisation of Small to Medium-sized Manufacturing Firms: A Network Approach’, International Business Review, 9(1): 77–93.
Chetty, S.K. and Campbell-Hunt, C. (2003) ‘Paths to Internationalisation Among Small-to Medium-sized Firms’, European Journal of Marketing, 37(5/6): 796–820.
Chetty, S.K. and Campbell-Hunt, C. (2004) ‘A Strategic Approach to Internationalization: A Traditional Versus “Born-global” Approach’, Journal of International Marketing, 12(1): 57–81.
Chetty, S.K. and Patterson, A. (2002) ‘Developing Internationalization Capability Through Industry Groups: The Experience of a Telecommunications Joint Action Group’, Journal of Strategic Marketing, 10(1): 69–89.
Cousens, L. and Slack, T. (2005) ‘Field-level Change: The Case of North American Major League Professional Sport’, Journal of Sport Marketing, 19(1): 13–42.
Coviello, N.E. (2005) ‘Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques in Network Analysis’, Qualitative Market Research, 8(1): 39–60.
Coviello, N.E. (2006) ‘Network Dynamics in the International New Venture’, Journal of International Business Studies, 37(5): 713–731.
Coviello, N.E. and Munro, H.J. (1995) ‘Growing the Entrepreneurial Firm: Networking for International Market Development’, European Journal of Marketing, 29(7): 49–61.
Cowan, R., Jonard, N. and Zimmerman, J.-B. (2007) ‘Bilateral Collaboration and the Emergence of Innovation Networks’, Management Science, 53(7): 1051–1067.
Denzin, N.K. (1994) ‘The Art and Principles of Interpretation’, in N.K. Denzin and Y.S. Lincoln (eds), Handbook of Qualitative Research (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage): 500–515.
Dong, L.C., Droege, S.B. and Johnson, N.B. (2002) ‘Incentives and Self-interest: Balancing Revenue and Rewards in China’s Tourism Industry’, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(1): 69–77.
Dyer, J.H. and Nobeoka, K. (2000) ‘Creating and Managing a High Performance Knowledge-sharing Network: The Toyota Case’, Strategic Management Journal, 21(3): 345–367.
Dyer, J.H. and Singh, H. (1998) ‘The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage’, Academy of Management Review, 23(4): 660–679.
Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989) ‘Building Theories from Case Study Research’, Academy of Management Review, 14(4): 532–550.
Emirbayer, M. and Goodwin, J. (1994) ‘Network Analysis, Culture, and the Problem of Agency’, American Journal of Sociology, 99(6): 1411–1454.
Erickson, G.S. and Kushner, R.J. (1999) ‘Public Event Networks: An Application of Marketing Theory to Sporting Events’, European Journal of Marketing, 33(3/4): 348–364.
Ford, D., Gadde, L.-E., Håkansson, H., Lundgren, A., Snehota, I. and Turnbull, P. (2000) Managing Business Relationships (Chichester: John Wiley and Sons).
Galaskiewicz, J. (1996) ‘The “New Network Analysis” and Its Application to Organisational Theory and Behavior’, in D. Iacobucci (ed.), Networks in Marketing (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage): 19–31.
Geser, H. (1992) ‘Towards an Interaction Theory of Organizational Actors’, Organization Studies, 13(3): 429–451.
Gibson, H.J. (2003) ‘Sport Tourism: An Introduction to the Special Issue’, Journal of Sport Management, 17: 205–213.
Gomes-Casseres, B. (1994) ‘Group Versus Group: How Alliance Networks Compete’, Harvard Business Review, 72(4): 62–74.
Granovetter, M.S. (1973) ‘The Strength of Weak Ties’, American Journal of Sociology, 78(6): 1360–1379.
Grieco, M.S. and Hosking, D.M. (1987) ‘Networking, Exchange, and Skill’, International Studies of Management and Organisation, 17(1): 75–87.
Gulati, R. (1998) ‘Alliances and Networks’, Strategic Management Journal, 19(4): 293–317.
Gummesson, E. (1997) ‘Collaborate or Compete’, Marketing Management, 6(3): 17–20.
Gummesson, E. (1999) Total Relationship Marketing (Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann).
Håkansson, H. (2006) ‘Business Relationships and Networks: Consequences for Economic Policy’, The Antitrust Bulletin, 51(1): 143–163.
Håkansson, H. and Johanson, J. (1993) ‘The Network as Governance Structure: Interfirm Cooperation Beyond Markets and Hierarchies’, in G. Grabher (ed.), The Embedded Firm: The Socio-economics of Industrial Networks (London: Routledge): 35–51.
Halinen, A. and Törnroos, J.-Å. (2005) ‘Using Case Methods in the Study of Contemporary Business Networks’, Journal of Business Research, 58(9): 1285–1297.
Hanneman, R.A. (2001) Introduction to Social Network Methods (Riverside, CA: University of California Press).
Hellgren, B. and Stjernberg, T. (1987) ‘Networks: An Analytical Tool for Understanding Complex Decision Processes’, International Studies of Management and Organisation, 17(1): 88–102.
Higham, J.E.S. and Hinch, T.D. (2003) ‘Sport, Space, and Time: Effects of the Otago Highlanders Franchise on Tourism’, Journal of Sport Management, 17(3): 235–257.
Hite, J.M. and Hesterly, W.S. (2001) ‘The Evolution of Firm Networks: From Emergence to Early Growth of the Firm’, Strategic Management Journal, 22(3): 275–286.
Hoang, H. and Antoncic, B. (2003) ‘Network-based Research in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review’, Journal of Business Venturing, 18(2): 165–187.
Hoye, R. and Auld, C. (2001) ‘Measuring Board Performance in Nonprofit Sport Organisations’, Australian Journal on Volunteering, 6(2): 108–116.
Huff, A.S. (1994) Mapping Strategic Thought (Chichester: John Wiley and Sons).
Jarillo, C.J. (1988) ‘On Strategic Networks’, Strategic Management Journal, 9(1): 31–41.
Johannisson, B. (1987) ‘Anarchists and Organizers: Entrepreneurs in a Network Perspective’, International Studies of Management and Organisation, 17(1): 49–63.
Johanson, J. and Mattsson, L.-G. (1987) ‘Interorganizational Relations in Industrial Systems: A Network Approach Compared with the Transaction-cost Approach’, International Studies of Management and Organisation, 17(1): 34–48.
Lechner, C. and Dowling, M. (2003) ‘Firm Networks: External Relationships as Sources for the Growth and Competitiveness of Entrepreneurial Firms’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 15(1): 1–26.
Liu, R. J. and Brookfield, J. (2000) ‘Stars, Rings and Tiers: Organisational Networks and their Dynamics in Taiwan’s Machine Toll Industry’, Long Range Planning, 33(3): 322–348.
Mattsson, L.-G. (1997) ‘“Relationship Marketing” and the “Markets-as-Networks Approach” — A Comparative Analysis of Two Evolving Streams of Research’, Journal of Marketing Management, 13(5): 447–461.
Medlin, C.J. (2004) ‘Interaction in Business Relationships: A Time Perspective’, Industrial Marketing Management, 33(3): 185–193.
Miles, M.B. (1979) ‘Qualitative Data as an Attractive Nuisance: The Problem of Analysis’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(4): 590–601.
Miles, M.B. and Huberman, M.A. (1994) Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook, 2nd edn (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
Mitchell, J.C. (1969) ‘The Concept and Use of Social Networks’, in J.C. Mitchell (ed.), Social Networks in Urban Situations: An Analysis of Personal Relationships in Central African Towns (Manchester: Manchester University Press): 1–50.
Möller, K. and Rajala, A. (2007) ‘Rise of Strategic Nets — New Modes of Value Creation’, Industrial Marketing Management, 36(7): 895–908.
Mouzas, S. (2006) ‘Efficiency Versus Effectiveness in Business Networks’, Journal of Business Research, 59(10/11): 1124–1132.
Parkhe, A., Wasserman, S. and Ralston, D.A. (2006) ‘New Frontiers in Network Theory Development’, Academy of Management Review, 31(3): 560–568.
Patton, M.Q. (2002) Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd edn (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
Pihkala, T., Varamäki, E. and Vesalainen, J. (1999) ‘Virtual Organization and the SMEs: A Review and Model Development’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 11(4): 335–349.
Powell, W.W. (1987) ‘Hybrid Organizational Arrangements: New Form or Transitional Development?’, California Management Review, 30(1): 67–87.
Powell, W.W. (1990) ‘Neither Market Nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization’, Research in Organizational Behavior, 12: 295–336.
Richards, L. (2005) Handling Qualitative Data: A Practical Guide (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
Sadler, A. and Chetty, S.K. (2000) ‘The Impact of Networks on New Zealand Firms’, Journal of Euromarketing, 9(2): 37–58.
Seidman, I.E. (1991) Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Sciences (New York, NY: Teachers College Press).
Soda, G., Usai, A. and Zaheer, A. (2004) ‘Network Memory: The Influence of Past and Current Networks on Performance’, Academy of Management Journal, 47(6): 893–906.
Thibault, L. and Harvey, J. (1997) ‘Fostering Interorganizational Linkages in the Canadian Sport Delivery System’, Journal of Sport Management, 11(1): 45–68.
Thorelli, H.B. (1986) ‘Networks: Between Markets and Hierarchies’, Strategic Management Journal, 7(1): 37–51.
Tikkanen, H. and Parvinen, P.M.T. (2006) ‘Planned and Spontaneous Orders in the Emerging Network Society’, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 21(1): 38–49.
Tuominen, M., Rajala, A. and Möller, K. (2000) Intraorganizational Relationships and Operational Performance’, Journal of Strategic Marketing, 8(2): 139–160.
Uzzi, B. (1997) ‘Social Structure and Competition in Inter-firm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1): 35–67.
Wasserman, S. and Faust, K. (1995) Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Welch, D., Welch, L., Wilkinson, I. and Young, L. (1996) ‘Network Development in International Project Marketing and the Impact of External Facilitation’, International Business Review, 5(6): 579–602.
Welch, D., Welch, L., Wilkinson, I. and Young, L. (2000) ‘An Export Grouping Scheme’, Journal of Euromarketing, 9(2): 59–84.
Welch, D., Welch, L., Young, L. and Wilkinson, I. (1998) ‘The Importance of Networks in Export Promotion: Policy Issues’, Journal of International Marketing, 6(4): 66–82.
Witt, P. (2004) ‘Entrepreneurs’ Networks and the Success of Start-ups’, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 16(5): 391–412.
Wolfe, R., Meenaghan, T. and O’Sullivan, P. (2002) ‘The Sports Network: Insights into the Shifting Balance of Power’, Journal of Business Research, 55(7): 611–622.
Yin, R.K. (1994) Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 2nd edn (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2011 Simon G. Martin, Maureen Benson-Rea and Nitha Palakshappa
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Martin, S.G., Benson-Rea, M., Palakshappa, N. (2011). The Role of Central Brokers and Their Influence on Effectiveness in an Intentionally Created Sports Professionalization Network. In: Dolles, H., Söderman, S. (eds) Sport as a Business. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230306639_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230306639_10
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-32072-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-30663-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Business & Management CollectionBusiness and Management (R0)