Abstract
After 54 years of trying to settle the Sri Lankan conflict the Norwegianmediated ceasefire of 2002 presented an opportunity to begin constructive peace negotiations. This peace process would need to address genuine Tamil grievances: legislation that discriminates against Tamils, Indian Tamil citizenship, the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA), and Sinhala domination of the police and armed forces. It would also need to build trust between the state and the minorities. A new peace process would have to accommodate spoilers, which include the political opposition, radical members of the Sangha, the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) and the Liberation Tigers of the Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and overcome the asymmetry of the Tamils versus the democratically elected government.
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Chapter 3 The 2002–2006 Sri Lankan Peace Process
1 See I. Zartman, Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars (Washington D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1995).
3 A. Bullion, ‘Norway and the peace process in Sri Lanka’, Civil Wars, Vol. 4, No. 3. (2001) p. 77.
8 S. Samarasinghe, ‘Sri Lanka: Economy’, in J. O’Brien (ed.) South Asia 2007 (fourth edition) (London: Routledge, 2006) p. 510.
10 P. Chalk, ‘The Liberation Tigers of the Tamil Eelam Insurgency’, in R. Ganguly and I. Macduff (eds) Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism in South and Southeast Asia: Causes, Dynamics, Solutions (London: Sage, 2003) pp. 140–150.
13 J. Uyangoda, ‘Peace in Sri Lanka: Prospects after Prabhakaran’s media conference’, in J. Uyangoda and M. Perera (eds) Sri Lanka’s Peace Process 2002 (Colombo: Social Scientists Association, 2003) pp. 19–24. These three points were identified during the Thimpu Talks during the 1980s; a precursor to the Indo-Sri Lankan Peace Accord.
14 R. Ganguly, ‘Sri Lanka’s ethnic conflict: At a crossroads between war and peace’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 5 (2004) p. 909.
23 J. Uyangoda, ‘Negotiations for dialogue’, in J. Uyangoda and M. Perera (eds) Sri Lanka’s Peace Process 2002 (Colombo: Social Scientists Association, 2003) p. 64.
37 The Sunday Observer (Colombo), ‘JVP goes East for awakening’, 5 September 2005.
39 A. Ofstad, ‘Countries in violent conflict and aid strategies: The case of Sri Lanka’, World Development, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2002) p. 165.
54 UNP, ‘UNP manifesto 2001’ (Colombo: UNP, 2001).
57 Sunday Times (Colombo), ‘Embargo relaxed as truce begins’, 23 December 2001.
58 S. Bastian, ‘The economics of peace’, in Towards Peace in Sri Lanka, ORF Series on Contemporary South Asia (New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation, 2002) pp. 53–56. Eric Solheim also mentioned business as being a constituent for peace in his opening speech at the beginning of the peace talks.
62 The Island, ‘Govt. says 173 check points removed’, 11 April 2002.
63 The Island, ‘More than 40 Black Tigers already in government areas? Intelligence agencies ineffective without powers to arrest LTTE suspects’, 24 March 2002.
64 N. Krishnan, Sri Lanka Strategy Market Outlook: Peace Dividends and the Road to Riches (Hong Kong: CLSA, 2002) p. 23.
67 Tokyo Donor Conference, ‘Tokyo declaration on reconstruction and development of Sri Lanka’, 10 June 2003. http://www.peaceinsrilanka.com/insidepages/Internationalsuppoer/TokyoDonor/TokyoDec100603.as, date accessed 8 March 2005.
69 Consortium of Humanitarian Agencies, ‘Building a foundation for peace and economic growth: Setting national priorities’, paper prepared for the Tokyo Donor Conference (Colombo: CHA, 2003).
70 P. Saravanamuttu quoted in CPA and Berghof Foundation for Conflict Studies, ‘Peace and development: The road to Tokyo’, 26–27 April 2003, p. 2.
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107 The World Bank, ‘Country assistance strategy progress report for the democratic and socialist republic of Sri Lanka’, Report No. 34054-LK, 6 January 2006, p. 3.
109 The Independent, ‘Tamil Tigers swap guns for politics as ceasefire holds’, 9 April 2002.
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122 See for example V. Cuthbert, ‘Civil society development versus the peace dividend: International aid in the Wanni’, Disasters, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2005) pp. 38–57.
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148 Daily News (Colombo), ‘No final decision on P-TOMS sans consultations with Maha Nayakas – President’, 11 June 2005. The Sunday Leader (Colombo), ‘Monks ready to cross the line of democracy’, 12 June 2005.
150 The Sunday Leader, ‘JVP jumps ship as economy plummets’, 19 June 2005.
152 The World Bank, Sri Lanka and the World Bank: Working for Development Results (Colombo: World Bank, 2005).
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© 2011 Sarah Holt
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Holt, S. (2011). The 2002–2006 Sri Lankan Peace Process. In: Aid, Peacebuilding and the Resurgence of War. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230306349_4
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