Abstract
The longitudinal properties of outward FDI and multinational company (MNC) strategies and activities have been extensively investigated by international business scholars (Buckley et al., 2007; Butler and Domingo, 1998; Liu et al., 2005). There has, however, been less investigation of the role of outward FDI in the debates about regionalism and globalization (Buckley, 2009a; Rugman, 2003; Rugman and Verbeke, 2004). In principle, if significant numbers of MNCs are developing ‘global factory’-type strategies, this should be accompanied by marked changes in outward FDI that lead to step changes in trend FDI flows as firms engage in substantial new off-shoring operations and complex foreign investments to reap the benefits from the increasing opportunities to internationalize their activities (Buckley, 2009b; Buckley and Ghauri, 2004). An alternative view is that internationalization is primarily a regional process, whereby MNCs conduct most of their activities in the major economic regions of the world, and that this has not changed significantly despite growing trade and capital liberalization (Rugman 2003, 2005; Rugman and Hodgetts, 2001). Thus although new areas such as China and India are increasingly part of the global economy and have become major regional areas, this process does not lead to large-scale changes in the underlying determinants of FDI. In this view, outward FDI trends are likely to be stable in the long run in which shocks to the system do not disturb long-run trends.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Agarwal, J. (1997) ‘European integration and German FDI: implications for domestic investment and Central European economies’, National Institute Economic Review, 160, 87–99.
Agarwal, J., Gubitz, A. and Nunnenkamp, P. (1991) ‘Foreign investment in developing countries - the case of Germany’, Kieler Studien 238 (Kiel: Institute of World Economics).
Aizenman, J. and Marion, N. (2004) ‘International reserve holdings with sovereign risk and costly tax collection’, Economic Journal, 114 (497), 569–91.
Albuquerque, R. (2003) ‘The composition of international capital flows: risk sharing through foreign direct investment’, Journal of International Economics, 61 (2), 353–83.
Amano, R.A. and van Norden, S. (1992) ‘Unit root tests and the burden of proof’, Bank of Canada Working Paper, No. 92–7.
Baldwin, R. (1989) ‘Hysteresis in import prices; the beachhead effect’, American Economic Review, 78 (4), 773–85.
Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. and Galbraith, J. (1990) Recursive Tests for Unit Roots and Structural Breaks in Long Annual GNP Series, Unpublished Manuscript, University of Florida, Department of Economics.
Belitz, H. (2002) ‘Deutschland als Forschungsstandort multinationaler Unternehmen’, Deutsches Institut fir Wirtscha fts forschung: DIW Wochenbericht, 16, 24–30.
Berthold, N. and Stettes, O. (2001) ‘Der Flächentarifvertrag - vom Wegbereiter des Wirtschaftswunders zum Verursacher der Beschäftigunsmisere’, in W. Zohlnhofer (ed.) Tarifautonomie auf dem Prüfstand (Berlin: Sigma).
Buckley, P. (2009a) ‘The impact of the global factory on economic development’, Journal of World Business, 44 (2), 131–43.
Buckley, P. (2009b) ‘International thinking: from the multinational enterprise to the global factory’, International Business Review, 18 (3), 224–35.
Buckley, P. and Ghauri, P. (2004) ‘Globalisation, economic geography and the strategy of multinational enterprises’, Journal of International Business Studies, 35 (2), 81–98.
Buckley, P., Clegg, J., Cross, A., Liu, X., Voss, H. and Zheng, P. (2007) ‘The determinants of Chinese outward foreign direct investment’, Journal of International Business Studies, 38 (3), 499–518.
Butler, K. and Domingo, C. (1998) ‘A note on political risk and the required return on foreign investment’, Journal of International Business Studies, 29 (3), 392–401.
Choi, I. (1994) ‘Residual-based tests for the null of stationary with application to US macroeconomic time series’, Econometric Theory, 10 (3/4), 720–46.
Desai, M.A., Foley, C.F. and Hines, J.R. (2004) ‘A multinational perspective on capital structure choice and internal capital markets’, Journal of Finance, 59 (6), 2451–88.
Deutsche Bundesbank (1978) Kapitalverpflechtung mit dem Ausland (Frankfurt a.M.).
Deutsche Bundesbank (1997) Bestimmungsgründe grenzüberschreitender Direktinvestitionen, Montatsberich August (Frankfurt a.M.).
Deutsche Bundesbank (2005) Kapitalverpflechtung mit dem Ausland (Frankfurt a.M.).
Deutscher Bundestag (2001) 14 Wahlperiode, Drucksache 14/5741 of 02 April 2001 (Berlin).
Dickey, D. and Fuller, W. (1979) ‘Distribution of estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root’, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74 (366), 427–31.
Dickey, D. and Fuller, W. (1981) ‘The likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root’, Econometrica, 49 (4), 1057–72.
Dixit, A. (1989) ‘Entry and exit decisions under uncertainty’, Journal of Political Economy, 97 (3), 620–38.
Dunning, J. (2000a) Regions, Globalization, and the Knowledge Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Dunning, J. (2000b) ‘The eclectic paradigm as an envelope for economic and business theories of MNE activity’, International Business Review, 9 (2), 163–90.
Fernandez-Arias, E. and Hausmann, R. (2001) ‘Is foreign direct investment a safer form of financing?’, Emerging Markets Review, 2 (1), 34–49.
Financial Times (2004) ‘How a Rhineland behemoth changed course’, 22 November, 18.
Firoozi, F. (1997) ‘Multinationals FDI and uncertainty: an exposition’, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 7 (3), 265–73.
Frankel, J. and Rose, A. (1996) ‘Currency crashes in emerging markets: an empirical treatment’, Journal of International Economics, 41 (3/4), 351–66.
Franz, W. (2001) ‘Das betriebsverfassungsgesetz ist komplett überflüssig’, Handelsblatt, 26 December, 5.
Goldstein, I. and Razin, A. (2003) ‘An information-based trade off between foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment: volatility, transparency, and welfare’, NBER Working Papers, No. 9426.
Hall, A. (1994) ‘Testing for a unit root in time series with pre-test data-based model selection’, Journal of Business and Economics Statistics, 12, 461–70.
Hall, P. and Gingerich, D. (2009) ‘Varieties of capitalism and institutional complementarities in the political economy: an empirical analysis’, British Journal of Political Science, 39 (3), 449–82.
Hall, P. and Soskice, D. (eds) (2001) Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Hausmann, R. and Fernandez-Arias, E. (2000) ‘Foreign direct investment: good cholesterol?’, Paper presented at Seminar The New Wave of Capital Inflows: Sea Changes or Just Another Tide, Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors, Inter-American Development Bank and Inter-American Investment Corporation.
Hubert, F. and Pain, N. (1999) ‘Innovation and the regional and industrial pattern of German foreign direct investment’, in R. Barrell and N. Pain (eds) Investment Innovation and the Diffusion of Technology in Europe, 168–94 (Cambridge, MA: University Press).
Hubert, F. and Pain, N. (2002) ‘Fiscal incentives, European integration and the location of foreign direct investment’, NIESR Discussion Papers (London: National Institute of Economic and Social Research).
Jost, T. and Nunnenkamp, P. (2002) ‘Bestimmungsgründe deutscher direktinvestitionen in entwicklungs-und reformländern - hat sich wirklich was verändert?’ Kieler Arbeitspapier, 1124 (Kiel: Institut für Weltwirtschaft).
Jungnickel, R. and Shams, R. (2001) ‘The internationalization of the German firms’, in Z. Vodusek (ed.) Foreign Direct Investment in Latin America: The Role of European Investors (Washington, DC: Inter-American Investment Bank).
Kennedy, P. (2003) A Guide to Econometrics, 5th edn (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Klodt, H. (2001) ‘Direktinvestitionen, fusionen und strukturwandel’, Kieler Arbeitspapiere (Kiel: Institut für Weltwirschaft).
Krugman, P. (1989) Exchange Rate Instability (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P., Schmidt, P. and Yongcheol, S. (1992) ‘Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root’, Journal of Econometrics, 54 (1–3), 159–78.
Levchenko, A. and Mauro, P. (2006) ‘Do some forms of financial flows help protect from sudden stops?’, IMF Working Paper, WP/06/2002, Washington DC.
Lipsey, R. (1999) ‘The role of foreign direct investment in international capital flows’, NBER Working Paper, No. 7094.
Lipsey, R. (2001) ‘Foreign direct investors in three financial crises’, NBER Working Papers, No. 8084.
Liu, X., Buck, T. and Shu, C. (2005) ‘Chinese economic development, the next stage: outward FDI?’, International Business Review, 14 (1), 97–115.
MacKinnon, J. (1991) ‘Critical values for cointegration tests’, in R.F. Engle and C.W.J. Granger (eds) Long-Run Economic Relationships (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Maddala, G. and Kim, I.M. (1995) Unit Root, Cointegration and Structural Change (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Mallampally, P. and Sauvant, K. (1999) ‘Foreign direct investment in developing countries’, IMF Finance & Development, (32), 1259–67.
Nunnenkamp, P. (2001) ‘Foreign direct investment in developing countries: what policymakers should not do and what economists don’t know’, Kiel Institute for World Economics Discussion Papers, No. 380.
OECD (1997) Internationalisation of Industrial R&D: Patterns and Trends (Paris: OECD).
Perron, P. (1990) ‘Testing for a unit root in a time series with a changing mean’, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 8 (2), 153–62.
Rappoport, P. (1990) Testing for the Frequency of Permanent Shifts in Time Series, Unpublished Manuscript, Rutgers University, Department of Economics.
Roberts, M.J. and Tybout, J.R. (1997) ‘The decision to export in Colombia: an empirical model of entry with sunk costs’, The American Economic Review, 87 (4), 545–64.
Rugman, A. (2003) ‘Regional strategy and the demise of globalization’, Journal of International Management, 9 (4), 409–17.
Rugman, A. (2005) ‘A further comment on the myth of globalization’, Journal of International Management, 11 (3), 441–5.
Rugman, A. and Hodgetts, R. (2001) ‘The end of global strategy’, European Management Journal, 19 (4), 333–43.
Rugman, A. and Verbeke, A. (2004) ‘A perspective on regional and global strategies of multinational enterprises’, Journal of International Business Studies, 35 (1), 3–18.
Sephton, P.S. (1995) ‘Response surface estimates of the KPSS stationarity test’, Economics Letters, 47 (3–4), 255–61.
Tavares, A. and Young, S. (2006) ‘Sourcing patterns of foreign-owned multinational subsidiaries in Europe’, Regional Studies, 40 (6), 583–99.
UNCTAD (2000) World Investment Report 2000 (Geneva and New York: United Nations).
UNCTAD (2006) World Investment Report 2006 (Geneva and New York: United Nations).
Whitley, R. (1999) Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Witt, M. and Lewin, A. (2007) ‘Outward foreign direct investment as escape response to home country institutional constraints’, Journal of International Business Studies, 38 (4), 579–94.
Zivot, E. and Andrews, D. (1992) ‘Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis’, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10 (3), 251–70.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2011 Heinz-Josef Tüselmann, Frank McDonald, Martin T. Bohl, Svitlana Voronkova and Paul Windrum
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tüselmann, HJ., McDonald, F., Bohl, M.T., Voronkova, S., Windrum, P. (2011). The Persistence of Outward Foreign Direct Investment from German Manufacturing Industries. In: Hutson, E., Sinkovics, R.R., Berrill, J. (eds) Firm-Level Internationalization, Regionalism and Globalization. The Academy of International Business. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230305106_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230305106_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-33118-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-30510-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Business & Management CollectionBusiness and Management (R0)