Abstract
In this chapter I will discuss issues of sexuality, culture and class with reference to two texts, Christy Brown’s Down All the Days (1970) and Dermot Bolger’s The Journey Home (1990).1 I will show how these novels employ sexual repression as a metonym for cultural repression and advance this theme as a criticism of hegemonic norms. I will also outline the historical and cultural context out of which both works emerged and the relevance in particular of Ferdia Mac Anna’s apposite and influential essay identifying a “Dublin Renaissance” in Irish literature.2 My thesis here, as elsewhere, is that literature of working-class Dublin places that community in conflict with dominant cultural norms, expressing its alienation within the capitalist state through symbolism, form and the unearthing of submerged narratives from Irish history.
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Notes
Christy Brown, Down All the Days (London: Pan Books, 1972);
Dermot Bolger, The Journey Home (London: Flamingo, 2003). Further references to these editions are indicated by DAD and JH etc., respectively, in the text.
Ferdia Mac Anna, “The Dublin Renaissance: An Essay on Modern Dublin and Dublin Writers”, The Irish Review, 10 (Spring 1991), pp. 14–30.
Pierre Bourdieu, Distinction — A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, trans. Richard Nice (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 41.
Qtd. in D. Keith Peacock, Harold Pinter and the New British Theatre (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1997), p. 1.
Jeremy Ridgman, “Inside the Liberal Heartland: Television and the Popular Imagination in the 1960s” in Cultural Revolution? The Challenge of the Arts in the 1960s, ed. Bart Moore-Gilbert and John Seed (New York: Routledge, 1992), p. 152.
Qtd. in Tom Inglis, Lessons in Irish Sexuality (Dublin: UCD Press, 1998), p. 31.
Alexander Humphries, New Dubliners (New York: Fordham University Press, 1966), p. 232.
Diarmaid Ferriter, Occasions of Sin: Sex and Society in Modern Ireland (London: Profile, 2009), p. 325.
Lee Dunne, Goodbye to the Hill (Dublin: Poolbeg, 2005), p. 71.
Michel Peillon, Contemporary Irish Society: An Introduction (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1982), p. 35.
Liam O’Flaherty, The Assassin (Dublin: Wolfhound, 1998), p. 81.
Qtd. in Georgina Louise Hambleton, Christy Brown — The Life that Inspired My Left Toot (London: Mainstream, 2007), p. 140.
Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy: Changing Patterns in English Mass Culture (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961), p. 110.
R. Brandon Kershner, “History as Nightmare: Joyce’s Portrait to Christy Brown”, in Joyce and the Subject of History, ed. Mark A. Wollaeger, Victor Luftig and Robert Spoo (Michigan: University of Michigan, 1996), p. 39.
Christy Brown, Wild Grow the Lilies (London: Minerva, 1990), p. 17.
Brendan Kennelly “City of Talk”, in Dublines, ed. Katie Donovan and Brendan Kennelly (Bloodaxe: Newcastle upon Tyne, 1996), p. 12.
Maura Laverty, Liffey Lane (London: Longmans, Green, 1947), p. 28.
Seamus Heaney, “Digging”, in On Opened Ground: Poems 1966–1996 (London: Faber and Faber, 1998), p. 31;
Thomas Kinsella, “His Father’s Hands”, in A Dublin Documentary (Dublin: O’Brien, 2006), p. 31.
Lar Redmond, Emerald Square (Dublin: Glendale, 1990), p. 312.
Neville Thompson, Jackie Loves Johnser OK? (Dublin: Pollberg, 1998), p. 6.
Nancy J. Lane, “A Theology of Anger When Living with Disability”, in The Psychological and Social Impact of Disability, ed. Robert P. Marinelli and Arthur E. Dell Orto (New York: Springer, 1999), p. 183.
Lar Redmond, A Walk in Alien Corn (Dublin: Glendale, 1990), p. 62.
Gerard Mannix Flynn, James X (Dublin: Lilliput, 2003), p. 30;
Dorothy Nelson, In Nights City (Dublin: Wolfhound, 1982), p. 35.
The Catholic iconography of Mariology represents the Mater Dolorosa in images with her heart pierced by seven swords, each representing one of her biblical sorrows. See Carol M. Schuler, “The Seven Sorrows of the Virgin: Popular Culture and Cultic Imagery in Pre-Reformation Europe”, Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art, 21:1/2 (1992), pp. 5–28.
James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist As a Young Man (London: Penguin, 1996), p. 157.
Christy Brown, “Multum in Parvo”, in Collected Poems: Christy Brown (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1982), p. 27.
Thomas Kilroy Talbot’s Box (Dublin: Gallery, 1979), p. 25.
Dorothy Nelson, In Night’s City (Dublin: Wolfhound, 1982), p. 64.
See Frank Delaney, fames Joyce’s Odyssey: A Guide to the Dublin of Ulysses (New York: Holt, 1982).
John Fordham, fames Hanley: Modernism and the Working Class (Cardiff: Cardiff University Press, 2002), p. 82.
Qtd. in Carol Meinhardt, “Books, Films, and Culture: Reading in the Classroom”, English Journal 80:1 (January, 1991), p. 84.
James Joyce, Ulysses (London: Penguin, 1992), p. 137.
Flann O’Brien, At Swim-Two Birds (Dublin: Penguin, 1992), p. 11. Both budding writers view themselves, self-deprecatingly and jocosely, through references to that great artistic enabler, alcohol. O’Brien had even characterised the Irish writer as a “drunk in the darkness of a railway tunnel for days, waiting for the coming of dawn”;
qtd. in Keith M. Booker, “The Bicycle and Descartes: Epistemology in the Fiction of Beckett and O’Brien”, Eire-Ireland: A Journal Of Irish Studies 26:1 (Spring 1991), p. 79.
Ray Ryan, “The Republic and Ireland: Pluralism, Politics, and Narrative Form”, in Writing in the Irish Republic: Literature, Culture, Politics 1949–1999, ed. Ray Ryan (London: Macmillan, 2000), p. 84.
Lynn Connolly, The Mun, Growing Up in Ballymun (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 2006), p. 117, 120. Bolger would explore this deterioration of the flat complexes in 2004 with his play From These Green Heights, and four years later in another play, The Consequences of Lightning.
Dermot Bolger, In High Germany (Dublin: New Island, 1989), p. 38.
Dermot Bolger, Night Shift (London: Penguin, 1989), p. 27.
Declan Kiberd, Inventing Ireland (London: Vintage, 1996), p. 609;
Jim Sheridan, Mobile Homes (Dublin: Irish Writers’ Co-operative, 1978), p. 53.
Neil Jordan, Collected Fiction (London: Vintage, 1997), p. 10, 14.
Colin Coulter, “Introduction” to The End of Irish History? Critical Reflections on the Celtic Tiger, ed. Colin Coulter and Steve Coleman (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), p. 3.
Fintan O’Toole, “Law of anarchy, cruelty of care”, The Irish Times, 23 May 2009, p. 39.
Geoffrey Pearson, Hooligan: A History of Respectable Tears (London: Macmillan, 1988), pp. 229–30.
Mary Raftery and Eoin O’Sullivan, Suffer the Little Children: The Inside Story of Ireland’s Industrial Schools (Dublin: New Island, 1999), p. 12. [Emphasis added.]
Michael R. Molino “The ‘House of a Hundred Windows’: Industrial Schools in Irish Writing”, New Hibernia Review 5:1 (2001), pp. 33–52 (p. 41).
Gerry Smyth, The Novel and the Nation: Studies in the New Irish Tiction (London: Pluto Press, 1997), p. 7.
Dermot Bolger, The Journey Home (London: Flamingo, 2003). Further references to this edition are indicated in parentheses in the main text, by JH etc.
Dermot Bolger, Invisible Dublin: A Journey through Dublin’s Suburbs (Dublin: Raven Arts, 1991), p. 12.
Ruth Barton, Irish National Cinema (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 86.
Diarmaid Ferriter, The Transformation of Ireland: 1900–2000 (London: Profile, 2004), p. 664.
See Roddy Doyle, The Dead Republic (London: Jonathan Cape, 2010), pp. 158–160.
Lar Redmond, Show Us the Moon (Dingle: Brandon, 1988), pp. 11, 12.
Seán O’Casey, Collected Plays: Volume One (London: Macmillan, 1950), p. 232.
Conor McCarthy, “Ideology and Geography in Dermot Bolger’s The Journey Home”, Irish University Review, 27:1 (Spring/Summer 1997), pp. 98–110 (p. 103). However, McCarthy very forcefully argues the political inconsistency of Bolger’s polarisation of nationalism and modernisation; see pp. 103–105.
Linden Peach, The Contemporary Irish Novel: Critical Readings (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004), p. 42.
Damien Shortt contends that because Pascal’s attack emerges from self-repression, and is thus an effect of social conservatism, Bolger is saved from the charge of homophobia. However, this argument elides the fact that homosexuality is overwhelmingly associated with capitalist greed, mental illness and sheer malevolence in the novel. See Damien Shortt, “Dermot Bolger: Gender Performance and Society” in New Voices in Irish Literary Criticism: Ireland in Theory, ed. Cathy McGlynn and Paula Murphy (New York: Mellen, 2007), pp. 151–166 (pp. 163–164).
Ian Haywood, Working Class Tiction from Chartism to Trainspotting (Plymouth: Northcote, 1997), p. 130.
Michael Böss, ‘Home from Europe: Modernity and the Reappropriation of the Past in Bolger’s Early Novels’, in Engaging Modernity: Readings of Irish Politics, Culture and Literature at the Turn of the Century, ed. Michael Boss and Eamon Maher (Dublin: Veritas, 2003), pp. 153–166 (p. 165).
Declan Kiberd, Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation (London: Vintage, 1996), p. 609.
Patricia Craig, “Ireland”, in The Oxford Guide to Contemporary Writing, ed. John Sturrock (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 221–237 (p. 234).
Ulrike Paschel, No Mean City? The Image of Dublin in the Novels of Dermot Bolger, Roddy Doyle, and Val Mulkerns (Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1998), p. 46. However, Paschel proceeds to contradict himself, later arguing that in Bolger Dublin’s ‘underbelly’ is depicted with ‘brutal honesty and realism’; p. 62.
John Ardagh, Ireland and the Irish: Portrait of a Changing Society (London: Penguin, 1995), p. 248.
Jim O’Hanlon, ‘Dermot Bolger in Conversation with Jim O’Hanlon’, in Theatre Talk: Voices of Irish Theatre Practitioners, ed. Lilian Chambers (Dublin: Carysfort, 2000), pp. 29–42 (p. 30).
Ingrid Von Rosenberg, “The Fiction of Agnes Owens”, in British Industrial Tictions ed. by H. Gustav Klaus and Stephen Knight (Cardiff: University of Wales, 2000), pp. 193–205 (p. 204).
Robert Collis, Marrowbone Lane: A Play in Three Acts (Dublin: Runa Press, 1943), p. 48, 63.
Neil Corcoran, After Yeats and Joyce (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 127.
Terry Eagleton, Heathcliff and the Great Hunger (London: Verso, 1996), p. 47.
William Trevor, “The snarling, yelling world of real Dublin”, Irish Times Saturday Review, 16 May 1970, p. 1.
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© 2011 Michael Pierse
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Pierse, M. (2011). Return of the Oppressed: Sexual Repression, Culture and Class. In: Writing Ireland’s Working Class. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230299351_7
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