Abstract
The end of military operations in November 1918 averted an imminent breakdown in the intricate network of logistical linkages between the civil and military authorities in India, Mesopotamia, Egypt and Palestine. At this point, the longer-term impact of their participation in four years of large-scale warfare and the attendant economic dislocation interacted with the more immediate hardships that faced a multitude of socio-economic groupings in each region. The situation was compounded by the raging influenza pandemic that preyed on weakened populations already suffering from hunger and malnutrition.
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Notes
Most notably H. Strachan (2001) The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p.xvi.
G.R. Atiyyah (1973) Iraq: 1908–1921: A Socio-Political Study (Beirut: The Arab Institute for Research and Publishing), p.220;
E. Goldberg (1992) ‘Peasants in Revolt — Egypt 1919,’ International Journal of Middle East Studies, XXIV, 262;
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K. Jeffery (1977) ‘Sir Henry Wilson and the Defence of the British Empire 1918–22,’ Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, V, 289.
S. Bhattarcharya (2001) ‘Colonial India: Conflict, Shortage and Discontent,’ in P. Liddle, J. Bourne & I. Whitehead (eds), The Great War 1914–45. Volume 2: The People’s Experience (London: Harper Collins), p.182.
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R. Storrs (1937) Orientations (London: Nicholson & Watson), p.337; telegram from GHQ Egypt to the War Office, 13 October 1918, TNA: PRO WO 33/960.
P.G. Elgood (1924) Egypt and the Army (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 324; Foreign Office minute by ‘A.L.’, 24 March 1918, TNA: PRO FO 371/3714.
Beinin & Lockman, Workers on the Nile, p.85; Brown, War and the Colonial Relationship, p.94; A.J. Haldane (1922) The Insurrection in Mesopotamia, 1920 (London: Blackwood), p.24.
L. Grafftey-Smith (1970) Bright Levant (London: John Murray), p.55.
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T. Dodge (2003) Inventing Iraq: The Failure of Nation-Building and a History Denied (London: Hurst), p.7.
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M. MacMillan (2002) Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War (London: John Murray), p.398.
Quoted in M.W. Daly (1997) The Sirdar: Sir Reginald Wingate and the British Empire in the Middle East (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society), p.258.
A. Hourani (1962) Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798–1939 (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs), p.209.
N. Safran (1961) Egypt in Search of Political Community: An Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution of Egypt (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p.92.
M.E. Yapp (1995) The Making of the Modern Near East (London: Longman), p.295;
R. L. Tignor (1984) State, Private Enterprise and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918–1952 (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p.18.
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Ronald Graham, ‘Note on the Unrest in Egypt,’ 15 April 1919, TNA: PRO FO 371/3715.
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P. Ireland (1937) Iraq: A Study in Political Development (Oxford: Jonathan Cape), states that on 1 August 1920 only 3.74% of administrative employees who drew over Rs.600 per month in salary were Arabs (20 out of 534); these figures may be compared to the figures supplied by Elgood concerning the marginalisation of Egyptians in the administrative apparatus in Cairo. In addition, Arnold Wilson, in Clash of Loyalties, p.171, claimed that ‘it was decided, as a matter of financial expediency, to use Indian clerks for the time being until Arabic-speaking clerks could be secured at reasonable rates of pay.’
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For more on the ‘crisis of empire,’ see K. Jeffery (1984) The British Army and the Crisis of Empire (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
F.W. Perry (1988) The Commonwealth Armies: Manpower and Organisation in Two World Wars (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp.96–97.
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K. Jeffery (1981) ‘An English Barrack in the Oriental Seas’? India in the Aftermath of the First World War,’ Modern Asian Studies, XV, 380.
L. James (1993) Imperial Warrior: The Life and Times of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby, 1861–1936 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson), p.192.
P. Graves (1941) The Life of Sir Percy Cox (London: Hutchinson), pp.26.
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© 2011 Kristian Coates Ulrichsen
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Ulrichsen, K.C. (2011). Post-War Backlash and Imperial Readjustment, 1919–22. In: The Logistics and Politics of the British Campaigns in the Middle East, 1914–22. Studies in Military and Strategic History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230297609_8
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