Abstract
In the last chapter, we saw that irrespective of the theoretical links between Marxism and justice for animals, the two social movements related to them possess close historical connections. Many Victorian social reformists, such as George Bernard Shaw and Henry Salt, campaigned on behalf of both workers and animals. Interestingly, the historical links between animal protection and feminism are just as strong, if not stronger. Once again, those connected roots lie in Victorian Britain where social reformers campaigned on behalf of women and animals. For example, Frances Power Cobbe was an active campaigner for women’s suffrage, and also co-founder of the Victoria Street Society for the Protection of Animals Liable to Vivisection. Anna Kingsford was one of the first women in Britain to qualify as a doctor, did so without vivisecting a single animal, and campaigned against vivisection for the rest of her life.1 Furthermore, it is certainly possible to argue that such connections have carried forward to contemporary times, not least because women comprise the bulk of campaigners in the animal protection movement.
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Notes
R. Garner (2005) The Political Theory of Animal Rights (Manchester: Manchester University Press), p. 141;
J. Donovan and C. Adams (2007) ‘Introduction’ in J. Donovan and C. Adams (eds) The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics (New York: Columbia University Press), p. 8.
L. Gruen (2007) ‘Empathy and Vegetarian Commitments’ in The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics, p. 336.
J. Donovan (2007) ‘Animal Rights and Feminist Theory’ in The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics, p. 65.
See, for example, K. Warren (1990) ‘The Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism’, Environmental Ethics, 12, 125–46;
V. Plumwood (1991) ‘Nature, Self, and Gender: Feminism, Environmental Philosophy, and the Critique of Rationalism’, Hypatia, 6, 3–27.
C. Adams (2000) The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory, 10th anniversary edn (New York: Continuum), pp. 36–45.
C. MacKinnon (2007) ‘Of Mice and Men: A Fragment on Animal Rights’ in The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics, p. 319.
See A. Cochrane (2009) ‘Ownership and Justice for Animals’, Utilitas, 21, 424–42.
P. Singer (1995) Animal Liberation, 2nd edn (London: Pimlico), p. xi.
T. Kelch (2007) ‘The Role of the Rational and the Emotive in a Theory of Animal Rights’ in The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics, p. 279.
B. Luke (2007) ‘Justice, Caring, and Animal Liberation’ in The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics, p. 128.
M. Kheel (2007) ‘The Liberation of Nature: A Circular Affair’ in The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics, p. 47.
D. Slicer (2007) ‘Your Daughter or Your Dog? A Feminist Assessment of the Animal Research Issue’ in The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics, p. 108.
C. Gilligan (1982) In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
This account has been informed by R. Tong and N. Williams (2009) ‘Feminist Ethics’ in E.N. Zalta (ed.) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, available at http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2009/entries/feminism-ethics/ (accessed 18 June 2010).
N. Noddings (1984) Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press), p. 154.
Josephine Donovan (2007) ‘Attention to Suffering’ in The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics, p. 185.
T. Regan (1995) ‘Obligations to Animals are Based on Rights’, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 8, 171–80, especially, p. 177.
J. Franklin (2005) Animal Rights and Moral Philosophy (New York: Columbia University Press), p. 80.
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© 2010 Alasdair Cochrane
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Cochrane, A. (2010). Feminism and Animals. In: An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory. The Palgrave Macmillan Animal Ethics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230290594_7
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