Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Planning for Peace

  • Chapter
Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the Challenge of the United States, 1939–46

Part of the book series: Studies in Military and Strategic History ((SMSH))

  • 40 Accesses

Abstract

As the Allied advance gained momentum American-Commonwealth relations were increasingly strained. The problems were fundamental in nature. American leaders were inclined to downgrade the importance of Anglo-American collaboration. Conversely, British and Dominion leaders continued to argue that the British Commonwealth had to avoid dependence on the United States in international affairs. Some called for Britain to work more closely with the Soviet Union. Sir Owen Dixon, the Australian Minister in Washington, noted American attempts to ‘play off one member of the Commonwealth against the other’ in discussions about the postwar settlement. The Dominions, he informed one British diplomat, could not understand why Britain did not respond by playing off Moscow against Washington since Stalin’s Russia might prove to be less of a threat to British interests than Roosevelt’s America.1 More typically, British and Dominion policy-makers argued that the British Commonwealth, possibly in conjunction with Western Europe, should chart a course between Russia and the United States and act as the world’s third ‘super-power’.2

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes and References

  1. Report of conversation between Dixon and Campbell, 31 July 1944, PRO: FO115/3637.

    Google Scholar 

  2. OSS Research and Analysis report, The Conference of Dominions Premiers in London, May 1944’, 20 July 1944, WNRC: RG84, Wellington Legation, confidential files, 710. William Fox, an American international relations expert, coined the term’ super-power’ in 1944 to describe the military potential and global presence of the world’s three most powerful states: Britain, the Soviet Union and the United States. See Fox, The Super-Powers.

    Google Scholar 

  3. D’Alton to Evatt, 12 August 1944, NAA: A4231/2 1944/Wellington (part 1).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cross to Churchill, 30 August 1944, IWM: Cross papers, 4/17; Horner, High Command, pp.335-337; Day, Reluctant Nation, pp.229-230, 241.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Note of conversation between Churchill and Roosevelt, 15 September 1944, FDRL: Map Room (Naval Aide’s) Files, box 168 and PRO: FO954/4/606; memorandum by King, 29 May 1944, USNA: RG218, CCS 373, box 152; USJSP study, ‘Employment of Royal New Zealand Air Force Squadrons’, 18 June 1944, ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Horner, High Command, pp.384-385

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bartlett and Love, ‘Anglo-American Naval Diplomacy’, pp.214-215.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bruce to Curtin, 14 March 1944, NAA: A5954/1 576/2.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Curtin to Churchill, 12 August 1944, doc. 248, DAFP, vol. 7, p.479. 10. Bartlett and Love, ‘Anglo-American Naval Diplomacy’, pp.214-215.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Minute by Shannon, 3 July 1945, PRO: D035/1687.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Halifax to FO, 21 March 1944, PRO: CAB87/66.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Radio address at Puget Sound Naval Yard, 13 August 1944, NAA: A6494 Tl SPTS/1/2.

    Google Scholar 

  13. PHPS paper,’ security of British Commonwealth and Empire interests in South-East Asia and the Pacific’, 21 February 1945, PRO: CAB121/69.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Johnson to Patton, 14 November 1944, WNRC: RG84, Wellington Legation, confidential files, 710.

    Google Scholar 

  15. British Commonwealth meeting, 5 April 1945, PRO: CAB99/30.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Johnson to Patton, 14 November 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Memorandum by the Secretary of State of conversation with the Prime Minister of New Zealand and the Minister for New Zealand in the United States, 19 April 1944, FRUS, 1944, vol. 3, pp.191-192.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Memorandum by the Secretary of State of conversation with the Prime Minister of Australia and the Minister for Australia in the United States, 24 April 1944, ibid., pp.275-277.

    Google Scholar 

  19. State Department summary of Evatt’s statement to House of Representatives, 8 September 1944, USNA: RG59, 847.00/9-1244.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ibid. See also Bell, Unequal Allies, pp.158-159.

    Google Scholar 

  21. ‘Australian-New Zealand Conference, Wellington: Informal background notes prepared by the NZ Department of External Affairs for diplomatic posts abroad’, n.d., NZNA: EA2 1945/17b.

    Google Scholar 

  22. UKCOS paper, ‘Future of the Japanese Islands in the Pacific’, 30 March 1945, PRO: CAB96/5.

    Google Scholar 

  23. PHPS paper, ‘Future of the Japanese Islands in the Pacific’, 23 March 1945, PRO: CAB121/69; draft reply by the Chiefs of Staff to the Far Eastern Committee, n.d., ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  24. CPD, vol. 179, p.235.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Memorandum of conversation with Fraser, 6 July 1944, USNA: RG59, lot 54D226, box 17.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Memorandum of conversation on United States Relations with New Zealand, 20 April 1944, USNA: RG59, Notter file, 1312–8.

    Google Scholar 

  27. ‘Australian and New Zealand Interests in the Future World Organisation: Review by the Defence Committee of the Future of the South-West Pacific Region — Regional Arrangements for Security — Defence Co-operation with New Zealand’, 24 October 1944, NAA: A1066/1 245/6/1; Wellington conference paper,’ security — in relation to the South Pacific’ (paper submitted by New Zealand delegation), October 1944, NAA: A3300/2 5; NZCOS minutes, 1 December 1944, NZNA: EA1 81/4/2a (part 4).

    Google Scholar 

  28. For example, Sir Atwell Lake, the New Zealand Chief of Naval Staff, envisaged an Anglo-Australian-New Zealand South Pacific fleet participating in exercises with the US Navy’s Central Pacific fleet. NZCOS minutes, 1 December 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Bruce to Curtin, 22 November 1944, NAA: A6494 Tl SPTS/1/2. Interestingly, the Indian government continued to worry about a ‘Nanking-Washington Axis’, which might serve to encourage Chinese economic expansion in South-East Asia. Shai, Britain and China, p. 176.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Halifax to Eden, 5 December 1944, PRO: FO954/30/589-594.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Thorne, Allies of a Kind, 456–457, 464, 596–600; Hess, The United States’ Emergence as Southeast Asian Power, p.369; Louis, Imperialism at Bay, p.567.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Reynolds, ‘H. V. Evatt’, pp.255-256.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Sbrega, Anglo-American Relations, p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Watt to Hood, 23 January 1945, NAA: A1066/1 P45/153/2 (part 1).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Halifax to Eden, 3 January 1945, PRO: FO954/30/589-594.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Balfour to Bevin, 9 August 1945, PRO: CAB122/1036.

    Google Scholar 

  37. ‘Australian and New Zealand Interests in the Future World Organisation: Review by the Defence Committee of the Future of the South-West Pacific Region — Regional Arrangements for Security — Defence Co-operation with New Zealand’, 24 October 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  38. PHPS paper,’ security of British Commonwealth and Empire interests in South-east Asia and the Pacific’, 21 February 1945, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Horner, High Command, p.399.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Shedden to Strahan, 17 January 1945; Garnett to Strahan, 20 January 1945; Garnett to Strahan, 26 January 1945; Shedden to Strahan, 19 March 1945, all items in NAA: A1066/1 P45/136/4.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Coakley and Leighton, Global Logistics and Strategy, pp.565-567; Hayes, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pp.697-699.

    Google Scholar 

  42. USJSP report,’ south-West Pacific Area Boundaries’, 27 April 1945, USNA: RG165, ABC 323. 31, Pac. Ocean Area (1-29-42) sec. 3a, box 176.

    Google Scholar 

  43. State Department Inter-Divisional Committee on the Far East minutes, 19 May 1944, USNA: RG59, Notter file, T1197.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Note to General Lincoln, 16 May 1945, USNA: RG165, ABC 323. 31, Pac. Ocean Area (1-29-42) sec. 3a, box 176.

    Google Scholar 

  45. State Department policy paper, ‘An estimate of conditions in Asia and the Pacific at the close of the war in the Far East and the objectives and policies of the United States’, 22 June 1945, FRUS 1945, vol. 6, pp.574-580; State Department policy paper, ‘A brief estimate of situation of the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand in the South Pacific on the conclusion of the war in the Far East’, n.d., USNA: RG59, lot 54D224, box 2.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Foltos, ‘The New Pacific Barrier’; Leffler, ‘The American Conception of National Security’.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Memorandum of conversation with Fraser, 6 July 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  48. McKinnon, Independence and Foreign Policy, pp.57-62; Wood, New Zealand People at War, pp.374-379.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Plant, ‘Origins and Development of Australia’s Policy and Posture at UNCIO’, p.358.

    Google Scholar 

  50. State Department Research and Analysis Branch paper,’ survey of Australia’, 19 October 1945, USNA: RG59, R. & A 3324.6.

    Google Scholar 

  51. State Department Research and Analysis Branch paper,’ survey of New Zealand’, 31 December 1945, USNA: RG59, R. & A 3590.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Note by the Under Secretary of State for Air, ‘Provision for Commonwealth Co-ordination in Air Transport Development’, 27 May 1944, PRO: CAB87/62.

    Google Scholar 

  53. NZPMD memorandum, ‘Commonwealth Air Transport (with particular reference to Pacific), 9 October 1944, NZNA: EA2 1946/13b (part 1).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Batterbee to Shannon, 22 February 1945, RHL: Batterbee papers, 8/5.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Dobson, Peaceful Air Warfare, pp.142-146, 150–151, 160–161.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Washington to FO, 2 May 1944, PRO: AVIA2/2518; Winant to Curtin, 4 May 1944, doc. 130, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.270-271.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Minute by Cribbett, n.d., PRO: AVIA2/2518.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Brewin, ‘British Plans for International Operating Agencies for Civil Aviation’, p. 102.

    Google Scholar 

  59. McVey to Bruce, 1 July 1944, doc. 209, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.429-430.

    Google Scholar 

  60. AG to Fraser, 12 July 1944, doc. 219, ibid., pp.445-446. See also Evatt to Curtin, 26 May 1944, doc. 165, ibid., pp.349-350; NZG to AG, 16 July 1944, doc. 223, ibid., pp.449-450.

    Google Scholar 

  61. AG to DO/NZG, 20 September 1944, PRO: PREM4/5/9.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Dobson, Peaceful Air Warfare, pp.161-162.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Memorandum by Minister for Civil Aviation, 25 October 1944, PRO: PREM5/9.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Australian-New Zealand Civil Aviation discussions, 10–11 October 1944, NZNA: EA1 157/3/1 (part lb); UKHCNZ to DO, 12 October 1944, PRO: AIR19/203.

    Google Scholar 

  65. NZPMD memorandum, ‘Commonwealth Air Transport (with particular reference to Pacific), 9 October 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  66. NZPMD memorandum, ‘Proposals for British Commonwealth [Civil Aviation] Policy and Plan by Australian Director-General of Civil Aviation’, 24 July 1944, NZNA: EA1 157/3/1 (part lb).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Draft cablegram, ‘Australia’s plan for international services’, 26 September 1944, ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  68. AG to DO/NZG, 20 September 1944, PRO: PREM4/5/9.

    Google Scholar 

  69. War Cabinet memorandum, ‘Commonwealth Conference on Civil Aviation, October 1944’, 8 November 1944, ibid. Johnston to McVey, 25 October 1944, doc. 329, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.614-615; Drakeford to Evatt, 8 November 1944, doc. 341, ibid., pp.636-637.

    Google Scholar 

  70. War Cabinet memorandum, ‘Commonwealth Conference on Civil Aviation, October 1944’, 8 November 1944, op.cit.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Drakeford to Forde, 9 November 1944, doc. 342, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.638-639.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Dobson, Peaceful Air Warfare, pp.164-165.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Ibid., pp.165-170.

    Google Scholar 

  74. U.K. War Cabinet minutes, 22 November 1944, PRO: CAB65/48.

    Google Scholar 

  75. DO comments on notes of discussion with BOAC, 14 August 1944, PRO: BT245/65.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Note of conclusions of a discussion held on 14 August 1944 with BOAC on provisional plans for postwar air routes, PRO: BT245/65; notes of discussion on 28 September 1944 on provisional plans for postwar air routes, ibid.; Commonwealth Air Conversations: Committee on Operation of Military Routes, 27 October 1944, ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Drakeford to Forde, 13 December 1944, doc. 373, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.688-692; NZDEA memorandum, ‘Commonwealth Air Conversations: Operation of Intra-Commonwealth Air Routes’, February 1945, NZNA: EA2 1946/13b (part 1).

    Google Scholar 

  78. Commonwealth Air Conversations: Committee on Operation of Military Routes, 27 October 1944, PRO: BT245/65; Memorandum, Post-War Air Routes, 14 October 1944, ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Barclay to NZMEA, 18 July 1944, NZNA: EA1 63/5/3 (part 1); State Department memorandum, ‘The Anzac Zone of Defence’, 21 June 1944, USNA: RG 59, Notter file, 1520-H-182; notes on the Australian-New Zealand Conference, November 1944, NAA: A6494 T1 SPTS/1/2; JCS memorandum, ‘United States Post-War Military Requirements in Areas Under the Control of New Zealand’, 12 August 1944, USNA: RG 165, box 168, ABC 686 (6 Nov. 43) sec. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Roosevelt to Churchill, 27 November 1944, Kimball (ed.), Churchill-Roosevelt Correspondence, vol. 3, p.417. See also Day, ‘P. G. Taylor and the Alternative Pacific Air Route’.

    Google Scholar 

  81. NZPMD memorandum, ‘Air Force Stations — Cook Islands and Samoa’, 25 August 1944, NZNA: EA 1 110/3/10.

    Google Scholar 

  82. PHPS paper,’ security of British Commonwealth and Empire interests in South-East Asia and the Pacific’, 21 February 1945, op. cit.; FO memorandum, ‘Future of the Japanese Islands in the Pacific’, 30 March 1945, PRO: CAB96/5; PHPS paper, ‘Future of the Japanese Islands in the Pacific’, 23 March 1945; draft reply by the UKCOS to the Far Eastern Committee, n.d., op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Wellington conference paper,’ security — in relation to the South Pacific’ (paper submitted by New Zealand delegation), October 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  84. ‘Australian and New Zealand Interests in the Future World Organisation: Review by the Defence Committee of the Future of the South-West Pacific Region — Regional Arrangements for Security — Defence Co-operation with New Zealand’, 24 October 1944, op. cit.; Wellington conference paper, ‘Australian and New Zealand Interests in World Organisation’ (paper submitted by Australian delegation), October 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Johnson to Stewart, 12 October 1944, LC: Johnson papers, box 68.

    Google Scholar 

  86. See AG to Cranborne, 1 June 1944, doc. 178, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.378-381.

    Google Scholar 

  87. D’Alton to Evatt, 8 June 1944, NAA: A4231/2 1944/Wellington (part 1).

    Google Scholar 

  88. Long to Hodgson, 18 July 1944, NAA: A989 44/825/1; Mcintosh to Berend-sen, 1 August 1944, NZNA: EA 2 1945/6a.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Notes on points which emerged in Australian-New Zealand ministerial talks in Wellington, November 1944, NAA: A6494 Tl SPTS/1/2.

    Google Scholar 

  90. ‘Australian-New Zealand Conference, Wellington: Informal background notes prepared by the NZ Department of External Affairs for diplomatic posts abroad’, n.d., op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  91. See Hayes, The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pp.697-699.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Foltos, ‘The New Pacific Barrier’, pp.321-322.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Stimson to President, 10 September 1945, HSTL: Truman papers, WHCF: CF 29.

    Google Scholar 

  94. D’Alton to Evatt, 3 June 1944, doc. 181, ibid., pp.384-386; Sinclair, Walter Nash, p.243.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Beasley to Evatt, 8 June 1944, doc. 187, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.392-393; Full Cabinet Submission by Chifley and Evatt, 10 June 1944, doc. 191, ibid., pp.396-397; Strahan to Evatt, 14 June 1944, doc. 194, ibid., pp.402-403; Sinclair, Walter Nash, pp.241-243.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Report by Melville on discussions at United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, USA, 1–22 July 1944, doc. 260, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.495-508.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Memorandum by Tange,’ supplementary Notes on the Monetary Conference’, 1 August 1944, doc. 242, ibid., pp.467-470.

    Google Scholar 

  98. White slammed the Australians: ‘they have displayed what impressed us as wanting something and not wanting to give up anything’. Note of a discussion at Bretton Woods, 20 July 1944, FDRL: Morgenthau papers, R/217.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Strahan to Evatt, 14 June 1944, doc. 194, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.402-403.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Melville to Evatt and Chifley, 15 July 1944, doc. 224, ibid., pp.450-451; Melville to Evatt and Chifley, 21 July 1944, doc. 234, ibid., p.459.

    Google Scholar 

  101. AG to Melville, 17 July 1944, doc. 225, DAFP, vol. 7, p.451; Evatt to Dixon, 18 July 1944, doc. 226, ibid., p.452; report by Melville on discussions at United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, USA., 1–22 July 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Note on Bretton Woods discussions, ‘Fund: Australia’, 20 July 1944, FDRL: Morgenthau papers, R/217.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Bell, Testing the Open Door Thesis in Australia’, pp.297-298; Ickes, Search for Solvency, p. 163; Curtin to Cranborne, 22 July 1944, doc. 232, DAFP, vol. 7, p.457.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Report by Melville on discussions at United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, USA, 1–22 July 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Sinclair, Walter Nash, p.243.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Memorandum by Tange,’ supplementary Notes on the Monetary Conference’, 1 August 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Cabinet Submission by Chifley, ‘Bretton Woods Monetary Proposals’, 24 September 1945, doc. 263, DAFP, Vol. 8, pp.440-442.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Sinclair, Walter Nash, p.245.

    Google Scholar 

  109. State Department memorandum, ‘The Position of Australia Today’, 20 October 1944, USNA: RG59, Notter file, 1090-CAC-295.

    Google Scholar 

  110. DO note on the terms of trade with New Zealand, 2 February 1944, PRO: T160/1184 (F. 12715/8); note of conversation with Dr Campbell and other representatives of New Zealand, 1 March 1944, ibid.; BoT memorandum, ‘Imports into New Zealand from UK, USA and other sources’, 7 March 1944, PRO: T160/1184 (F.12715/9); Anderson to Nash, 1 April 1944, ibid.; NZG to NZHCUK, April 1944, ibid.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Fraser to Chancellor, 28 June 1944, PRO: T160/1184 (F.12715/10).

    Google Scholar 

  112. State Department memorandum, ‘New Zealand’s Foreign Relations’, 30 May 1944, USNA: RG59, Notter file, 1230-CDA-319. See also Patton to Secretary of State, 25 July 1945, WNRC: RG84, Wellington Legation, general files, 631; and Keane to Curtin, 6 July 1944, doc. 216, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.438-443.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Notes on informal talk with Fowler [and Fuqua] by Berendsen, Fisher and Turner, 18 October 1944, NAA: A4231/2 1944/Wellington (part 2).

    Google Scholar 

  114. J. R. to Stewart, 1 June 1944, LC: Johnson papers, box 68.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Minter to Stewart, 6 December 1944, WNRC: RG84, Canberra Legation, confidential files, 800.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Memorandum by Hawkins of conversation with Fraser and Berendsen, 6 July 1944, USNA: RG59, 847H.50/7-644.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Fraser to AG, 7 November 1944, doc. 337, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.626-631; D’Alton to Evatt, 31 January 1945, doc. 19, DAFP, vol. 8, pp.29-32.

    Google Scholar 

  118. J. R. to Stewart, 1 June 1944, op. cit.; State Department memorandum, 3 February 1945, USNA: RG59, lot 54D224, box 5.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Memorandum by Jones, 29 August 1944, WNRC: RG84, Wellington confidential files, 710.

    Google Scholar 

  120. McMullin, Light on the Hill, pp.232-233; Sinclair, Walter Nash, p.241.

    Google Scholar 

  121. AG to Cranborne, 15 September 1944, doc. 283, DAFP, vol. 7, p.534.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Cranborne to AG, 23 October 1944, doc. 327, ibid., pp.611-13.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Notes on points which emerged in Australian-New Zealand ministerial talks in Wellington, November 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Fraser to AG, 7 November 1944, doc. 337, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.626-631; AG to Cranborne, 13 November 1944, doc. 345, ibid., pp.643-644.

    Google Scholar 

  125. UK War Cabinet minutes, 24 November 1944, PRO: CAB65/44.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Cranborne to AG, 24 November 1944, doc. 361, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.667-668; Cranborne to AG, 22 December 1944, doc. 381, ibid., pp.705-706.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Australian Legation in Washington to ADEA, 30 January 1945, doc. 18, DAFP, vol. 8, pp.28-29.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Wallace to Roosevelt, 1 December 1944, FDRL: Roosevelt papers, OF 264, box 1.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Watt to Hood, 20 February 1945, doc. 40, DAFP, vol. 8, pp.62-64.

    Google Scholar 

  130. J. R. to Stewart, 1 June 1944, op. cit.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Stettinius to President, 14 December 1944, USNA: RG59, 847H.504/12-1444; Roosevelt to Nash, 16 December 1944, FDRL: Roosevelt papers, OF 48-F, box 11.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Eggleston to ADEA, 16 March 1945, doc. 59, DAFP, vol. 8, pp.90-91.

    Google Scholar 

  133. See Hodgson to Evatt, 24 December 1944, doc. 384, ibid., p.709-711.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Halifax to FO, 19 August 1944, NAA: A6494 T1 SPTS/1/2.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Ickes, Search for Solvency, chapter 7; Woods, Changing of the Guard, pp.218-239.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Note of conversation between Hopkins and Campbell, 10 August 1944, PRO: FO115/3637.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Cranborne to AG, 19 September 1944, doc. 291, DAFP, vol. 7, pp.544-545.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Dobson, U.S. Wartime Aid to Britain, pp.196-197.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy, pp. 178–179.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Morgenthau diary entry, 13 September 1944, FDRL: Morgenthau papers, microfiche card 20.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Morgenthau diary entry, 19 August 1944, FDRL: Morgenthau papers, microfiche card 17.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Woods, Changing of the Guard, pp.218-219; Gardner, Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy, pp. 150–153.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Dobson, U.S. Wartime Aid to Britain, p.200.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Ibid., p.208.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. P. G. A. Orders
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 2003 P. G. A. Orders

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Orders, P.G.A. (2003). Planning for Peace. In: Britain, Australia, New Zealand and the Challenge of the United States, 1939–46. Studies in Military and Strategic History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289079_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230289079_6

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-41668-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-230-28907-9

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation