Abstract
Employees can engage in a wide spectrum of misbehaviour in organizations. Such counterproductivity costs employers billions of dollars annually worldwide (Ones, 2002). The extent of actual, psychological and societal costs to organizations can be better understood when one considers the multitude of different ways employees can misbehave. Geddes and Baron (1997) found that 69 per cent of managers reported having experienced verbal aggression. Wimbush and Dalton (1997) used multiple methods and samples to estimate the base rate for employee theft, and found ‘Depending on the level one ascribes to nontrivial employee theft, .. . [the different techniques of estimating employee theft] . . . converge on theft rates over 50 per cent’ (p. 756). It is estimated that substance abuse costs the United States alone more than $135 billion each year (DeCresce et al., 1990). Harwood, Fountain and Livermore (1992) estimated that in the United States economy $82 billion in lost potential productivity could be attributed to alcohol and drug abuse in 1992 ($67.7 billion and $14.2 billion, respectively).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ackerman, P. L. and Heggestad, E. D. (1997) ‘Intelligence, personality, and interest: evidence for overlapping traits’, Psychological Bulletin, 121(2), 219–46.
Ashton, M. C. (1998) ‘Personality and job performance: the importance of narrow traits’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 289–303.
Barrick, M. R. and Mount, M. K. (1991) ‘The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis’, Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K. and Judge, T. A. (2001) ‘Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: what do we know and where do we go next?’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9(1–2), 9–30.
Baumeister, R. F. (1997) ‘Identity, self-concept, and self-esteem: the self lost and found’, in R. Hogan, J. Johnson and S. Briggs (eds), Handbook of Personality Psychology (pp. 681–711). San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
Bennett, R. J. and Robinson, S. L. (2000) ‘Development of a measure of workplace deviance’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 349–60.
Block, J. (1995) ‘A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description’, Psychological Bulletin, 117, 187–215.
Bolin, A. and Heatherly, L. (2001) ‘Predictors of employee deviance: the relationship between bad attitudes and bad behavior’, Journal of Business and Psychology, 15(3), 405–18.
Borman, W. C., Penner, L. A., Allen, T. D. and Motowidlo, S. J. (2001) ‘Personality predictors of citizenship performance’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 52–69.
Campbell, J. P. (1990) ‘The role of theory in Industrial and organizational psychology’, in M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough (eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 39–73). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
Chen, P. Y. and Spector, P. E. (1992) ‘Relationships of work stressors with aggression, withdrawal, theft and substance use: an exploratory study’, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 177–84.
Connolly, J. J. and Viswesvaran, C. (2000) ‘The role of affectivity in job satisfaction: a meta-analysis’, Personality and Individual Differences, 29(2), 265–81.
Costa, P. T. Jr. and McCrae, R. R. (1992) ‘Four ways five factors are basic’, Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653–65.
Cullen, M. J. and Sackett, P. R. (in press) ‘Personality and counterproductive workplace behavior’, in M. Barrick and A. M. Ryan (eds), Personality and Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Davidson, R. J. (1994) ‘On emotion, mood, and related affective constructs’, in P. Ekman and R. J. Davidson (eds), The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (pp. 51–5). New York: Oxford University Press.
DeCresce, R., Mazura, A., Lifshitz, M. and Tilson, J. (1990) Drug Testing in the Workplace. Chicago: American Society of Clinical Psychologists Press.
Diener, E., Larsen, R. J. and Emmons, R. A. (1984) ‘Person * Situation interactions: choice of situations and congruence response models’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(3), 580–92.
Diener, E., Larsen, R. J., Levine, S. and Emmons, R. A. (1985) ‘Intensity and frequency: dimensions underlying positive and negative affect’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(5), 1253–65.
Digman, J. M. (1990) ‘Personality structure: emergence of the five-factor model’, Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–40.
Digman, J. M. (1997) ‘Higher order factors of the Big Five’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246–56.
Digman, J. M. and Takemoto-Chock, M. K. (1981) ‘Factors in the natural language of personality: re-analysis and comparison of six major studies’, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 16, 149–70.
Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C. and Shaw, J. D. (1998) ‘Positive affectivity and negative outcomes: the role of tenure and job satisfaction’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(6), 950–9.
Ekman, P. (1994) ‘Mood, emotions, and traits’, in P. Ekman and R. J. Davidson (eds), The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (pp. 56–8). New York: Oxford University Press.
Emmons, R. A. and Diener, E. (1986) ‘An interactional approach to the study of personality and emotion’, Journal of Personality, 54(2), 371–84.
Emmons, Robert, A., Diener, Ed and Larsen, Randy, J. (1985) ‘Choice of situations and congruence models of interactionism’, Personality and Individual Differences, 6(6), 693–702.
Eysenck, H. J. (1991) ‘Dimensions of personality: 16, 5, or 3-criteria for a taxonomic paradigm’, Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 773–90.
Fox, S., Spector, F. S. and Miles, D. (2001) ‘Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions’, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(3), 291–309.
Freud, S. (1930) Civilization and its Discontents. New York: Norton.
Funder, D. C. (1997) The Personality Puzzle. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
Geddes, D. H. and Baron, R. A. (1997) ‘Workplace aggression as a consequence of negative performance feedback’, unpublished manuscript, Temple University.
George, J. M. (1989) ‘Mood and absence’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(2), 317–24.
George, J. M. (1991) ‘State or trait: effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 299–307.
George, J. M. and Bettenhausen, K. (1990) ‘Understanding prosocial behavior, sales performance, and turnover: a group-level analysis in a service context’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(6), 698–709.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990) ‘An alternative “description of personality”: the big five factor structure’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216–29.
Goldberg, L. R. (1993) ‘The structure of phenotypic personality traits’, American Psychologist, 48, 26–34.
Goldsmith, H. H. (1994) ‘Parsing the emotional domain from a developmental perspective’, in P. Ekman and R. J. Davidson (eds), The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (pp. 68–73). New York: Oxford University Press.
Gruys, M. L. (1999) ‘The dimensionality of deviant employee performance in the workplace’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Hakstian, A. R., Farrell, S. and Tweed, R. G. (2002) ‘The assessment of counterproductive tendencies by means of the California Psychological Inventory’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 58–86.
Harwood, H., Fountain, D. and Livermore, G. (1992) The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992. National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Hogan, J. and Hogan, R. (1989) ‘How to measure employee reliability’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 273–9.
Hogan, R. and Hogan, J. (1992) Hogan Personality Inventory Manual. Tulsa, OK: Hogan Assessment Systems.
Hogan, J., Hogan, R. and Busch, C. (1984) ‘How to measure service orientation’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 167–73.
Hollinger, R. C. and Clark, J. P. (1983) Theft By Employees. Lexington, MA: DC Heath & Company/Lexington Books.
Hough, L. M. (1992) ‘The “Big Five” personality variables – construct confusion: description versus prediction’, Human Performance, 5, 139–56.
Hough, L. M. (1998) ‘Personality at work: issues and evidence’, in M. Hakel (ed.), Beyond Multiple Choice: Evaluating Alternatives to Traditional Testing for Selection (pp. 131–59). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Hough, L. M. and Ones, D. S. (2001) ‘The structure, measurement, validity, and use of personality variables in industrial, work, and organizational psychology’, in N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. Sinangil and C. Viswesvaran (eds) Handbook of Industrial, Work, and Organizational Psychology: Vol. 1 (pp. 233–77). London: Sage.
Hough, L. M. and Oswald, F. (2000) ‘Personnel selection: looking toward the future – remembering the past’, Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 631–64.
Hough, L. M., Eaton, N. K., Dunnette, M. D., Kamp, J. D. and McCloy, R. A. (1990) ‘Criterion-related validities of personality constructs and the effect of response distortion on those validities’ (monograph), Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 581–95.
Hunt, S. T. (1996) ‘Generic work behavior: an investigation into the dimensions of entry-level, hourly job performance’, Personnel Psychology, 49(1), 51–84.
Hunter, J. E. and Schmidt, F. L. (1990) Methods of Meta-Analysis: Correcting Error and Bias in Research Findings. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Isen, A. M. (1984) ‘Toward understanding the role of affect in cognition’, in R. S. Wyer and T. K. Srull (eds), Handbook of Social Cognition (pp. 179–236). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jacobson, E. (1957) ‘Normal and pathological moods: their nature and functions’, in R. S. Eisler, A. F. Freud, H. Hartman and E. Kris (eds), The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, Vol. 12 (pp. 73–113). New York: International University Press.
Jockin, V., Arvey, R. D. and McGue, M. (2001) ‘Perceived victimization moderates self-reports of workplace aggression and conflict’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1262–9.
John, O. P. (1990a) ‘The “Big Five” factor taxonomy: dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires’, in L. A. Pervin (ed.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford Press.
John, O. P. (1990b) ‘The search for basic dimensions of personality’, in P. McReynods, J. C. Rosen and G. J. Chelune (eds), Advances in Psychological Assessment (pp. 1–37). New York: Plenum Press.
John, O. P., Angleitner, A. and Ostendorf, F. (1988) ‘The lexical approach to personality: a historical review of trait taxonomic research’, European Journal of Personality, 2, 171–203.
Johnson, E. J. (1988) ‘Expertise and decision under uncertainty: performance and process’, in M. T. Chi, R. Glaser and M. J. Farr (eds), The Nature of Expertise (pp. 209–28). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Kagan, J. (1994) ‘Distinctions among emotions, moods, and temperamental qualities’, in P. Ekman and R. J. Davidson (eds), The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (pp. 74–8). New York: Oxford University Press.
Kanfer, R. (1990) ‘Motivation theory and industrial and organizational psychology’, in M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough (eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 75–170). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc.
Kelloway, E. K., Loughlin, C., Barling, J. and Nault, A. (2002) ‘Self-reported counterproductive behaviors and organizational citizenship behaviors: separate but related constructs’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 143–51.
Kihlstrom, J. F. and Hastie, R. (1997) ‘Mental representations of persons and personality’, in R. Hogan, J. Johnson and S. Briggs (eds), Handbook of Personality Psychology (pp. 712–36). San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
Kohut, H. (1977) The Restoration of the Self. New York: International Universities Press.
Koslowsky, M., Sagie, A., Krausz, M. and Singer, A. D. (1997) ‘Correlates of employee lateness: some theoretical considerations’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(1), 79–88.
Lane, A. M. and Terry, P. C. (2000) ‘The nature of mood: development of a conceptual model with a focus on depression’, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 16–33.
Lazarus, R. (1994) ‘The stable and unstable in emotion’, in P. Ekman and R. J. Davidson (eds), The nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (pp. 79–85). New York: Oxford University Press.
Lee, K. and Allen, N. J. (2002) ‘Organizational citizenship behavior deviance: the role of affect and cognitions’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(1), 131–42.
Lehman, W. E. K. and Simpson, D. D. (1992) ‘Employee substance use and on the job behaviors’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 309–21.
Marcus, B., Schuler, H., Quell, P. and Hümpfner, G. (2002) ‘Measuring counter-productivity: development and initial validation of a German self-report’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 18–35.
Martinko, M. J., Gundlach, M. J. and Douglas, S. C. (2002) ‘Toward an integrative theory of counterproductive workplace behavior: a causal reasoning perspective’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 36–50.
McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T. Jr (1987) ‘Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81–90.
McCrae, R. R. and Costa, P. T. Jr (1997) ‘Personality trait structure as a human universal’, American Psychologist, 52, 509–16.
McDaniel, M. A. and Frei, R. L. (1994) ‘Validity of customer service measures in personnel selection: a meta-analysis’, paper presented at the ninth annual meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Nashville, TN.
McLellan, R. A. and Paajanen, G. (1994) PDI Customer Service Inventory Manual. Minneapolis, MN: PDI.
Megargee, E. I. (1997) ‘Internal inhibitions and controls’, in R. Hogan, J. Johnson and S. Briggs (eds), Handbook of Personality Psychology (pp. 581–614). San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.
Miles, D. E., Borman, W. E., Spector, P. E. and Fox, S. (2002) ‘Building an integrative model of extra role work behaviors: a comparison of counterproductive work behavior with organizational citizenship behavior’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 51–7.
Morris, W. N. (1989) Mood: The Frame of Mind. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Norman, W. T. (1963) ‘Personality measurement, faking, and detection: an assessment method for use in personnel selection’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 47, 225–41.
Ones, D. S. (1993) ‘The construct validity of integrity tests’, unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Iowa City, Iowa.
Ones, D. S. (2002) Introduction to the Special Issue on Counterproductive Behaviors at Work, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 1–4.
Ones, D. S. and Viswesvaran, C. (1996) ‘Bandwidth-fidelity dilemma in personality measurement for personnel selection’, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17, 209–26.
Ones, D. S. and Viswesvaran, C. (1998) ‘Integrity testing in organizations’, in R. W. Griffin, A. O’Leary-Kelly and J. M. Collins (eds), Dysfunctional Behavior in Organizations: Vol. 2. Nonviolent Behaviors in Organizations. Greenwich, CT: JAI press.
Ones, D. S. and Viswesvaran, C. (2001a) ‘Integrity tests and other criterion-focused occupational personality scales (COPS) used in personnel selection’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 31–9.
Ones, D. S. and Viswesvaran, C. (2001b) ‘Personality at work: criterion-focused occupational personality scales (COPS) used in personnel selection’, in B. Roberts and R. T. Hogan (eds), Applied Personality Psychology, Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C. and Reiss, A. D. (1996) ‘Role of social desirability in personality testing for personnel selection: the red herring’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 660–79.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C. and Schmidt, F. L. (1993) ‘Comprehensive meta-analysis of integrity test validities: findings and implications for personnel selection and theories of job performance’, Journal of Applied Psychology (Monograph), 78, 679–703.
Ones, D. S., Viswesvaran, C. and Schmidt, F. L. (in press) ‘Personality and absenteeism: a meta-analysis of integrity tests’, European Journal of Personality.
Organ, D. W. and Ryan, K. (1995) ‘A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behavior’, Personnel Psychology, 48, 775–802.
Ostendorf, F. and Angleitner, A. (1994) ‘The five-factor taxonomy: robust dimensions of personality description’, Psychologica Belgica, 34(4), 175–94.
Penney, L. M. and Spector, P. (2002) ‘Narcissism and counterproductive work behavior: do bigger egos mean bigger problems?’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 126–34.
Robinson, S. L. and Bennett, R. J. (1995) ‘A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: a multidimensional scaling study’, Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555–72.
Roccas, S., Sagiv, L., Schwartz, S. H. and Knafo, A. (2002) ‘The Big Five personality factors and personal values’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(6), 789–801.
Sackett, P. R. (2002) ‘The structure of counterproductive work behaviors: dimensionality and relationships with facets of job performance’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 5–11.
Sackett, P. R. and DeVore, C. (2001) ‘Counterproductive behaviors at work’, in N. Anderson, D. S. Ones, H. Sinangil and C. Viswesvaran (eds) Handbook of Industrial, Work, and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 145–64). London: Sage.
Sackett, P. R. and Wanek, J. E. (1996) ‘New developments in the use of measures of honesty, integrity, conscientiousness, dependability, trustworthiness, and reliability for personnel selection’, Personnel Psychology, 49, 787–830.
Sackett, P. R., Burris, L. R. and Callahan, C. (1989) ‘Integrity testing for personnel selection: an update’, Personnel Psychology, 42, 491–529.
Salgado, J. F. (1997) ‘The Five Factor Model of personality and job performance in the European Community’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 30–43.
Salgado, J. F. (2002) ‘The Big Five personality dimensions and counterproductive behaviors’, Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 117–25.
Sanchez, J. I. and Fraser, S. L. (1993) Development and Validation of the Corporate Social Style Inventory: A Measure of Customer Service Skills (Technical Report No. 93–108). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Marketing Science Institute.
Saucier, G. and Goldberg, L. R. (1998) ‘What is beyond the Big Five?’, Journal of Personality, 66, 495–524.
Saucier, G. and Ostendorf, F. (1999) ‘Hierarchical subcomponents of the Big Five personality factors: a cross-language replication’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(4), 613–27.
Saxe, R. and Weitz, B. (1982) ‘The SOCO scale measure of the customer orientation of salespeople’, Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 343–51.
Schmidt, F. L., Viswesvaran, C. and Ones, D. S. (1997) ‘Validity of integrity tests for predicting drug and alcohol abuse: a meta-analysis’, in W. J. Bukoski (ed.), Meta-Analysis of Drug Abuse Prevention Programs (pp. 69–95). Rockville, MD: NIDA Press.
Skarlicki, D. P. and Folger, R. (1997) ‘Retaliation in the workplace: the roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 434–43.
Skinner, B. F. (1971) Beyond Freedom and Dignity. New York: Knopf.
Steel, P. and Ones, D. S. (2002) ‘Personality and happiness: a national level analysis’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 767–81.
Thayer, R. E. (1996) The Origin of Everyday Moods: Managing Energy, Tension, and Stress. New York: Oxford University Press.
Vecchio, R. P. (2000) ‘Negative emotion in the workplace: employee jealousy and envy’, International Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 161–79.
Viswesvaran, C. (1993) ‘Modeling job performance: is there a general factor?’, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
Viswesvaran, C. and Ones, D. S. (2000a) ‘Measurement error in “Big Five Factors” of personality assessment: reliability generalization across studies and measures’, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 224–35.
Viswesvaran, C. and Ones, D. S. (2000b) ‘Perspectives on models of job performance’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 8, 216–27.
Viswesvaran, C., Schmidt, F. L. and Ones, D. S. (1996) ‘Modeling job performance: is there a general factor?’, poster presented at the eleventh annual meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
Watson, D. (1988) ‘Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1020–30.
Watson, D. (2000) Mood and Temperament. New York: Guilford Press.
Watson, J. B. (1929) Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Wimbush, J. C. and Dalton, D. R. (1997) ‘Base rate for employee theft: convergence of multiple methods’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(5), 756–63.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2003 Deniz S. Ones and Chockalingam Viswesvaran
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ones, D.S., Viswesvaran, C. (2003). The Big-5 Personality and Counterproductive Behaviours. In: Sagie, A., Stashevsky, S., Koslowsky, M. (eds) Misbehaviour and Dysfunctional Attitudes in Organizations. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288829_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288829_12
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-43062-8
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-28882-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Business & Management CollectionBusiness and Management (R0)