Abstract
The modern fundamentalist movements, developed in specific historical conditions, have been borne by distinct types of leaders and elite groups and supported by distinct social groups. The distinct characteristic of the broad historical contexts in which these fundamentalist, and the various communal-religious ones developed was of course that of the expansion of modernity, above all even if not only through colonial and imperialist processes of the West and its encounter and confrontations with many non-Western European religious traditions or civilizations. But these movements developed in very specific constellations of this expansion and of these confrontations.
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The following excerpts from Dr. Hassan al-Tourabi, [the leading figure of the fundamentalist movement in Sudan, Editors’ note] ‘Islamic Fundamentalism in the Sunna and Shi‘a World’, [http://www.ibmpcug.co.uk/~whip/trabi.htm]: The world is now very close, transport, the media, communications, it’s all very close. Subsequently, the challenge is very close and you have to respond to it. Unfortunately, the early immediate reactions to Western imperialism and domination were at first, patriotic. National struggles for independence. But the champions of national struggle after they achieved formal independence, and they raised the flag of their new state, were bankrupt. They had nothing to offer. For a fuller development of these points see also, H. al-Tourabi, Islam, Avénir du Monde, (Paris: J.C. Lattes, 1997).
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See D.T. Rodgers and S. Wilentz, ‘Languages of Power in the United States’, in P.J. Corfield, ed., Language, History and Class, (Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, 1991).
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Eisenstadt, S.N. (2001). Historical Context of the Development of Contemporary Fundamentalist Movements. In: Cerutti, F., Ragionieri, R. (eds) Identities and Conflicts. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288690_5
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