Abstract
Before looking directly into the postwar Malayo-Japanese rapprochement, it is essential to look at prewar and wartime connections which greatly influenced postwar relations. This chapter thus deals with the forms of Japanese involvement in prewar British Malaya from the 1910s and wartime Malaya which the Japanese occupied from February 1942 to August 1945. As the postwar rapprochement was led by the return of Japanese business concerns to Malaya, the focus will be on forms of Japanese civilian/business involvement and their impact. These include its influences on the local economy, and the prewar response of British authorities both at the local and metropolitan levels (‘metropolitan’ is used here to mean ‘within the UK with the centre in London’, as opposed to ‘local’ or ‘colonial’ denoting ‘within the colonies’ such as Malaya). Wartime relations between the Japanese military regime and local Japanese enterprises will also be mentioned briefly.
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Notes
Victor Purcell, The Chinese in Southeast Asia, 2nd edn (London: OUP, 1965), pp. 223, 232–5. Funabashi Naomichi (ed.), Malaya Indonesia no Rodo Jijo (Tokyo: IDE, 1963), pp. l lf.
Ibid., pp. 12, 25. Rajeswary Ampalavanar, The Indian Minority and Political Change in Malaya, 1945–1957 (Kuala Lumpur: OUP, 1981), p. 1.
J. S. Furnivall, Colonial Policy and Practice (Cambridge: CUP, 1948), pp. 304f., passim.
Yuen Choy Leng, ‘The Japanese Community in Malaya before the Pacific War’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 9, no. 2, 1978, pp. 164ff. Yano Tonz, ‘Nanshin’ no Keifu (Tokyo: ChUO KOron Sha, 1975), pp. 10–16.
Ibid., pp. 41ff. Purcell, Chinese in Southeast Asia, pp. 254, 274. John G. Butcher, British in Malaya 1880–1941 (Kuala Lumpur: OUP, 1979), pp. 196–9. Kashima Heiwa Kenkyujo (ed.), Nihon GaikOshi (hereafter Nihon GaikOshi): extra vol. 3 (Tokyo: Kashima Heiwa Kenkyujo Shuppankai, 1974), p. 613.
J. H. Drabble, Rubber in Malaya 1876–1922 (Kuala Lumpur: OUP, 1973), pp. 68, 117. Shimizu, ‘Senzenki Singapore, Malaya’, p. 14. Shimizu Hajime,‘Ishihara Hiroichirb ni okeru “Nanshin” no Ronri to Shinri’, in Shoda, TonanAsia Kan, p. 81.
Hara Fujio, ‘Taiheiyo SensO Mae ni okeru Malaya eno Shihon Shinshutsu’, in Hidaka Susumu, et. al. (eds), Marx Keizaigaku (Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1978), p. 260.
Shimizu Hajime, ‘GaimushO “Kaigai Zairyu Honopojin Shokugyobetsu Jinko Chosa Ikken” no Shiryoteki Seikaku’, in Asia Keizai, vol. 26, no. 3 (March 1985), p. 85. Nihon GaikOshi: extra vol. 3, p. 613.
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ShOda, ‘Senzenki, Nihon Shihon Shugi’, pp. 178f. Shimizu, ‘Senzenki Singapore, Malaya’, pp. 27–30.
Ibid., p. 19.
Hara Fujio, EiryO Malaya no Nihonjin, pp. 75–80. Sir H. Parlett to Mr Ronald, 4 March 1937, F1364, F0371/21042.
Shimizu Hajime (ed.), Eikoku KObunshokan no Nihon TOnan Asia Kankei Shiryo (Tokyo: IDE, 1992), pp. 22–6.
Minute by AEI (initials), 23 January 1920; ‘Acquisition by Japanese’ and Appendices; in C0537/890.
F. S. James to SSC, 16 December 1919, in Appendix 1 to ‘Acquisition by Japanese’, C0537/890.
Shimizu, ‘Senzenki Singapore, Malaya’, pp. 27–30. ShOda, ‘Senzenki, Nihon Shihon Shugi’, pp. 178f. Hara Fujio, ‘Shihon Shinshutsu’, pp. 260ff.
Tarling, The Fall of Imperial Britain, pp. 104f. Saul Rose, Britain and South-East Asia (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962), pp. 83f.
Funabashi, Rodo Jijo, pp. 23, 25ff. Matsuo Hiroshi (ed.), Malaya, Singapore no Keizai Kaihatsu (Tokyo: IDE, 1962), p. 277.
Michael Stenson, Class, Race and Colonialism in West Malaysia (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1980), pp. 6f., 39. Collin E. R. Abraham, Race Relations in West Malaysia with Special Reference to Modern Political and Economic Development (DPhil thesis in Anthropology, University of Oxford, 1976), pp. 84, 332ff., 346f., 362. Similar British fear of allied non-European opposition in Fiji is discussed in Tomaru Junko, ‘The Origin of Communal Separatism in Fiji’, Journal of International Studies, no. 31 (July 1993), pp. 7782.
Funabashi, Rodo Jijo, pp. 12 (quoting N. Ginsberg and C. F. Roberts, Malaya (1958), p. 57).
Cf. List of F0371 files on Malaya, in Shimizu, Kobunshokan, p. 73. Eric Robertson, The Japanese File: Pre-war Japanese Penetration in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Heinemann Asia, 1979), quoted in Shimizu, KObunshokan, p. 26f.
Sugiyama Shinya, ‘Nihon no Menseihin Yushutsu to BOeki Masatsu’, in Sugiyama Shinya and Ian Brown (eds), Senkanki Tonan Asia no Keizai Masatsu (Tokyo: DObunkan, 1990), p. 89.
Ibid., pp. 27–30. Ishihara HiroichirO, 80 nen no Omoide (Tokyo: Ishihara SangyO, 1970), pp. 51–5.
Annual Report, Kelantan, for 1933, Melliar-Smith Papers, file (1). Ishihara, 35-nen, pp. 91ff.
Yoneyama Kikuji, Tekisei Gijutsu no Kaihatsu to Iten (Tokyo: BunshindO, 1990), p. 64. Yuen Choy Leng, ‘Japanese Rubber and Iron’, p. 33.
Ibid., pp. 26–33.
Ibid., pp. 27, 29f. Kanan GinkO, ‘Kagin ChOsho no. 57: Dungun ni okeru Nihon Kogyo K. K. no Tetsuzan’, in Kanan Ginkö, Marai HantO ni Okeru Hajin no Kogyo: Chukan (Tokyo: Kanan Ginko, 1933), p. 11. Annual Report, Kelantan, for 1937, Melliar-Smith Papers, file (1).
Yuen Choy Leng, ‘Japanese Rubber and Iron’, p. 27. Extracts from Annual Reports, Trengganu, 1923–38, p. 13, Melliar-Smith Papers, file (1).
Ibid., pp. 15, 19, 22f.
Nakahara Michiko, ‘TOnan Asia no ROmusha’, in Takasaki SOji (ed.), Iwanami KOza Kindai Nihon to Shokuminchi 5: Bocho sum Teikoku no Jinryu (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1993), p. 145.
Yoshikawa Toshiharu, Taimen Tetsudo (Tokyo: DObunkan, 1994), p. 114.
Yip Yat Hoong, The Development of the Tin Mining Industry o f Malaya (Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press, 1969), pp. 289ff.
Suehiro Akira, ‘Keizai Saishinshutsu eno Michi’, in Nakamura Masanori et al. (eds), Senga Nihon: Senryo to Sengo Kaikaku 6: Sengo Kaikaku to sono Isan (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1995), p. 215.
Cheah Boon Kheng, Red Star over Malaya, pp. 134, 202–25. Cheah Boon Kheng, ‘Rekishiteki Haikei’, in Syed Husin Ali, Malaysia, p. 85.
GaimushO Gaikö Shiryokan, Shinban Nihon GaikOshi Jiten (Tokyo: Yamakawa Shuppansha, 1992), p. 253, s.v. ‘Kuhara Fusanosuke’.
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© 2000 Junko Tomaru
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Tomaru, J. (2000). Prewar and Wartime Relations. In: The Postwar Rapprochement of Malaya and Japan, 1945–61. St Antony’s Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288287_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230288287_2
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