Abstract
In December 1923 Lord Haldane — the former Liberal Imperialist soon to be Labour Lord Chancellor — wrote to his 99-year-old mother at his home in Scotland. ‘The City is in a panic at the thought of a Labour Government and is cursing Baldwin for bringing in this election. All the old ladies are writing to their brokers beseeching them to save their capital from confiscation,’ Haldane told her in his daily letter. ‘I have had a message from Baldwin begging me to join the Labour Government and help them out,’ he added.1 His former Liberal Party leader agreed. ‘You would be amused if you saw the contents of my daily post-bag: appeals, threats, prayers from all parts, and from all sorts and conditions of men, women and lunatics, to step in and save the country from the horrors of Socialism and Confiscation,’ Asquith noted — after an election that left the Liberals as the third parliamentary party at Westminster. In defeat, he reassured himself it was still possible to journey from Land’s End to Oxfordshire without crossing any Tory or Labour constituencies.2
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Notes
Frederick Maurice, Haldane 1915–1928 (London: Faber & Faber, 1929), passim.
The Earl of Oxford and Asquith, Memories and Reflections 1852–1927, vol. 2 (London: Cassell, 1928), pp. 207–8.
Kenneth Young, Baldwin (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1976), pp. 54–5.
Harold Nicolson, King George V: His Life and Reign (London: Constable, 1984), p. 382.
Ibid., p. 383.
John Shepherd, George Lansbury: At the Heart of Old Labour (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 208.
Beatrice Webb, The Diary ofBeatrice Webb: Volume Three, 1905–1924 (London: Virago & BLPES, 1984) pp. 430–1. (Diary entry, 12 December 1923.)
Sidney Webb, ‘The First Labour Government’, Political Quarterly, 32 (1961), PP. 7–9.
Philip Williamson, ‘The Labour Party and the House of Lords, 1918–1931’ Parliamentary History, vol. 10, pt 2 (1991), pp. 317–41.
MacDonald to Massingham, 24 December 1924, Massingham Papers. For Massingham, see Alfred Havighurst, Radical Journalist: H. W. Massingham (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974), ch. 11.
MacDonald Diary, 10 December 1923; MacDonald to Massingham, 19 December 1923; Massingham to MacDonald, 21 December 1923, Massingham Papers.
Massingham to MacDonald, 21 December 1923; MacDonald to Massingham, 24, 29 December 1923, ibid.
For the Report of the Machinery of Government Committee (1918), see Peter Hennessey, Whitehall (London: Fontana, 1990), pp. 292–9 (emphasis added); Peter Hennessey, The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders since 1945 (London: Allen Lane, 2000), p. 338; Hans Daalder, Cabinet Reform in Britain (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1964) pp. 273–7.
Harold Wilson, A Prime Minister on Prime Ministers (London: Michael Joseph, 1977), p. 198.
Philip Viscount Snowden, An Autobiography: Volume Two, 1919–1934 (London: Nicolson & Watson, 1934), pp. 594–8.
J. H. Thomas, My Story (London: Hutchinson, 1937), pp. 74–5.
Richard Lyman, TheFirstLabourGovemment (London: Chapman & Hall, 1957), pp. 99,101–2.
For a scathing attack on MacDonald, see L. Macneill Weir, The Tragedy of Ramsay MacDonald (London: Secker & Warburg, 1938), pp. 167–8.
J. R. MacDonald, A Policy for the Labour Party (1920).
David Marquand, J. Ramsay MacDonald (London: Jonathan Cape, 1977), pp. 50–3,131–5 J. R. MacDonald, Margaret Ethel MacDonald: A Memoir (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1913), passim.
M. A. Hamilton, Ramsay MacDonald (London: 1929); The Times, 22, 23 December 1923.
Haldane to MacDonald, 24 December 1923, printed in Richard Burdon Haldane, An Autobiography (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1929), pp. 321–3.
Robert Keith Middlemas, The Clydesiders: A Left-Wing Struggle forParliamentary Power (London: Hutchinson, 1967) p. 137; Hennessey, Whitehall, pp. 292–3.
Brigadier General Thomson was a leading pioneer of airships in the 1920s. In 1924 his friend, Ramsay MacDonald — also a flying enthusiast — appointed a Cabinet Committee which recommended dual state and private company construction of the R100 and R101 airships by the Air Ministry and Vickers Ltd. The novelist and aeronautical engineer Nevil Shute in 1924 worked at Cardington on the early design of the R101. In 1930 Lord Thomson, Secretary of State for Air in the Second Labour Cabinet, died tragically in the R101 disaster. Neville Shute, Slide Rule: The Autobiography of an Engineer (London: Heinemann, 1954). We are grateful to Peter Hore for this reference. For Lord Thomson and the R101, see John Shepherd, George Lansbury: At the Heart of Old Labour (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 263–4.
Thomas Jones, Whitehall Diary: Volume 1, 1916–1925, ed. Keith Middlemas (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 264–7.
The Political Dairies of C. P. Scott, 1911–1928, ed. Trevor Wilson (London: Collins, 1976), Diary entry 6 January 1924.
Ibid.
Lord Parmoor, A Retrospect: Looking Back on the Life of More than Eighty Years (London: Heinemann, 1936), p. 194.
William Gallacher, The Rolling of Thunder (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1947), pp. 65–6.
For the Union of Democratic Control, see Martin Schwarz, The Union of Democratic Control (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971).
Raymond A. Jones, Arthur Ponsonby: The Politics ofLife (London: Christopher Helm, 1989), pp. 140–1.
Jones, Whitehall Diary: Volume 1, 1916–1925, p. 264.
Colin Cross, Philip Snowden (London: Barrie & Rockliff,1966), pp. 190, 195–6.
Keith Laybourn, Philip Snowden (Aldershot: Temple Smith, 1988), p. 107.
J. R. Clynes, Memoirs, 1924–1937 (London: Hutchinson, 1937), ch. 1.
G. D. H. Cole, A History of the Labour Party (London: Kegan & Paul, 1948), p. 159.
Henderson to MacDonald, 18 December 1923, MacDonald (JRM) Papers, PRO 30/69/196.
Fenner Brockway, Socialism over Sixty Years: The Life of jowett of Bradford (1864–1944) (London: Allen & Unwin, 1946), pp. 206–8.
David Howell, MacDonald’s Party: Labour Identities and Crisis, 1922–1931 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 102–3.
Quoted in Peter Slowe, Manny Shinwell (London: Pluto Press, 1993), p. 123.
Emanuel Shinwell, Conflict Without Malice (London: Odhams, 1955), pp. 90–1.
Henry Slesser, Judgement Reserved (London: Hutchinson, 1941), pp. 92–4.
Patrick Hastings, The Autobiography of Sir Patrick Hastings (London: Heinemann, 1948), p. 235.
W. Martin, P. Dollan, D. Kirkwood and W. Stewart to Ramsay MacDonald, 31 January, 14 February 1924; MacDonald to H. P. Macmillan, 13 Febmary 1924; Rosslyn Mitchell to MacDonald, 25 January 1924; MacDonald to Mitchell, 11 February 1924, MacDonald Papers, PRO 30/69/689.
Robert Smillie to Ramsay MacDonald, 20 December 1923, MacDonald (JRM) Papers, PRO 30/69/1169. See also Robert Smillie, My Life for Life (London: Mills & Boon, 1924), pp. 303–4.
It is not clear if this meeting at MacDonald’s home took place, since neither party later mentioned it publicly. MacDonald Notebooks and Diaries, MacDonald Papers, RMD/2/22 (John Rylands Library).
Manchester Guardian, 7 January 1924; Memorandum by Lord Stamfordham, RA, GV 1918/164. See also Nicolson, King George V, p. 384.
For the episode of Labour ministers and court dress, see Nicolson, King George V, pp. 391–2. See also Anne Perkins, A Very British Strike (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2006), pp. 38–41.
J. R. Clynes, Memoirs, 1869–1924 (London: 1937), p. 347
G. D. H. Cole, A History of the Labour Party from 1914 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1948), p. 159
Andrew Thorpe, A History of the British LabourParty (Houndmills: Macmillan — now Palgrave, 1997), p. 57
Robert E. Dowse, Left In The Centre: The Independent Labour Party, 1893–1940 (London: Longmans, 1966), p. 102.
M. Margaret Patricia McGarran, Fabianism In The Political Life of Britain, 1919–1931 (Chicago: Heritage Foundantion, 1954).
Australian Worker, 30 January 1924. For Beatrice Webb’s controversial contributions to ‘the social side of the first Labour Government’ by the creation of the Half-Circle Club to educate ministers and their wives in the ways of Westminster and the Parliamentary Labour Club, see Margaret Cole (ed.), Beatrice Webb’s Diaries, 1924–1932 (London: Longmans, 1956), p. viii and diary entries 7, 8 February, 17 March 1924.
Jean Bonner, ‘The Four Labour Cabinets’, Sociological Review 6 (1958), pp. 38–9.
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© 2006 John Shepherd and Keith Laybourn
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Shepherd, J., Laybourn, K. (2006). Labour Takes Office. In: Britain’s First Labour Government. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230287365_3
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