Abstract
Drawing upon both official and popular commemoration for Cavell, this chapter spans the metropole and periphery to offer an alternative understanding of cultural imperialism. It does so by connecting economics, race, class and gender explanations of how the British world was made, with the theme of war memorials and spiritualism in the aftermath of the Great War.1 Part II of this book started by outlining patterns of commemoration for Cavell that were predominantly in places where she was born, lived, or died, and in Allied countries, in particular White settler societies. The influence of elite citizens, in particular women, emerged as important in mapping a cultural federation of empire. This chapter begins by broadening the span of commemoration for Cavell into the construction of British culture and imperialism as measured through an imperial curriculum and civic citizenship. But the extent of Cavell’s legacy was more transnational than incorporating just the British Empire. Commemoration in Allied countries that were not a part of the British Empire, such as Belgium, France and the United States demonstrates the limits of rigid geographical boundaries that were overwritten by common concerns of gender, whiteness, citizenship and noble sacrifice.
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Notes
K. Inglis, Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, The Miegunyah Press, 1998), p. 276.
See P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism, 1688–2000 2nd ed (New York: Longmans, 2002).
D. Denoon, Settler Capitalism: The Dynamics o f Dependent Development in the Southern Hemisphere (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983). See also D. Denoon and P. Mein Smith with M. Wyndham, A History o fAustralia, New Zealand and the Pacific (Oxford: Blackwell, 2000).
N. Yuval-Davis, ‘Introduction: Beyond Dichotomies — Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class in Settler Societies’, in D. Stasiulis and N. Yuval-Davis (eds) Unsettling Settler Societies: Articulations of Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class (London, Thousand Oaks California and New Delhi: Sage, 1995), pp. 2–38, p. 1.
J. A. Mangan (ed) The Imperial Curriculum: Racial Images and Education in the British Colonial Experience (London and New York, Routledge, 1993).
B. Ashcroft, Postcolonial Transformation (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 93.
C. M. Coates and C. Morgan, Heroines and History: Representations of Madeleine de Vercheres and Laura Secord (Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 2002), Chapter seven, ‘Lessons in Loyalty: Children’s Texts and Readers’, pp. 164–194, p. 164.
J. Elkon, Edith Cavell: Heroic Nurse (New York: Julian Messner Inc., 1956), p. 8.
J. Johnson, J. Leo illustrations, The Secret Task of Nurse Cavell: A story about Edith Cavell (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Winston Press, 1978). Back page.
J. M. MacKenzie, N elson Goes Global, p. 157.
See K. Grobbelaar, ‘A Cultural Centre for the Foreign Community, Hillbrow’, Magister in Architecture thesis, University of Pretoria, 2004.
J. Phillips, ‘Wanganui: War Memorial Capital of the World’, in G. Mclean and K. Gentry, Heartlands: New Zealand Historians Write about Where History Happened (Auckland: Penguin, 2006), pp. 72–89.
N. and H. Mika, Places in Ontario: Their Name Origins and History. Part I A-E, (Belleville, Ont.: Mika Publishing Co, 1977), pp. 635–636 and p. 384.
P. Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1975) and J. Winter, Sites o f Memory, Sites o f Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995). See also J. Vance, Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1997).
D. Rodgers, ‘Sublime, the’ in J. Turner (ed) The Dictionary of Art (London: Macmillan, 1996), pp. 889–91, p. 889.
M. Greenhalgh and P. Duro, Essential Art History (London: Bloomsbury, 1992), p. 279, p. 280.
The Canadian Readers, Book IV (Toronto: W. J. Gage and Co. Ltd., 1932), p. 251.
A. Rayburn, The Oxford Dictionary of Canadian Place Names (Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 113.
See Paul Carter, The Road to Botany Bay: an exploration o f landscape and history (New York: Knopf, 1988).
GA, Misc. Clippings, Calgary Herald, 11 November 1990, ‘Peak Named After Martyr’.
J. Winter, Sites o f Memory, Sites o f Mourning, p. 54.
P. Mein Smith, Maternity in Dispute: New Zealand 1920–1939 (Wellington, 1986). For Australia see P. Mein Smith, Mothers and King Baby: Infant Survival and Welfare in an Imperial World: Australia 1880–1950 (London: Macmillan, 1997), M. Tennant, Children’s Health, the Nation’s Wealth: a history of children’ health camps (Wellington: Bridget Williams Books and the Historical Branch, 1994), and S. Coney, Every Girl: A Social History of Women and the YWCA in Auckland (Auckland: YWCA, 1986).
A. MacLaren, Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885–1945 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1990). For an early discussion of empire, ‘racial fitness’ and eugenics, see M. Tennant, ‘Matrons with a Mission: Women’s Organisations in New Zealand, 1893–1915’, MA thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, 1976 and C. Daley, Leisure and Pleasure (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2004).
E. Pawson, ‘The Memorial Oaks of North Otago’, in G. Kearsley B. Fitzharris (eds) Glimpses of a Gaian World: Essays in Honour o f Peter Holland (Dunedin: School of Social Sciences, 2004), pp. 115–31.
GA, Misc. Clippings, The Edmonton Journal, 8 August 1932, ‘Service to Honor Martyred Nurse: Memory of Edith Cavell to Be Honored in Mountains’.
Ibid., H. Edwards, Chaplain of Jasper Park to Charles Stewart, Minister of the Interior, 7 April 1927. ‘It will be built by the Construction branch of the C.N.R. the Committee finding the funds, and it will be built under the con-trol of the Manager of Jasper Park Lodge.’ ‘It will be available for use by all religious denominations at the discretion of the Manager’.
A. De Leeuw, Edith Cavell: Nurse, Spy, Heroine (Toronto: Longmans Canada Ltd., 1968), p. 95 and A. A. Hoehling. Edith Cavell (London: Cassell, 1958), p. 146.
G. Thornton, Cast in Concrete: Concrete Construction in New Zealand 1850–1939 (Auckland: Reed, 1996), pp. 159–161.
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L. van Ypersele, ‘Making the Great War Great: 1914–18 War Memorials in Wallonia’, in W. Kidd and B. Murdoch (eds) Memory and Memorials: The Commemorative Century (Aldershot and Burlington VT.: Ashgate, 2004), pp. 26–40.
D. W. Lloyd, Battlefield Tourism: Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919–1939 (Oxford and New York: Berg, 1998). Back blurb.
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Pickles, K. (2007). Cultural Imperialism and Naming: Embodied Spirits and Memory in the Landscape. In: Transnational Outrage. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230286085_9
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