Abstract
Ever since the late eighteenth century when new forms of visual entertainment claimed to be able to use technology to replicate or simulate the literal details of nature, scholars, poets and intellectuals have bemoaned the increasing dominance of the realist aesthetic. Classicists such as Sir Joshua Reynolds and Romantics such as Samuel Coleridge found the practice of literalist simulation to be debased and disgusting. It demanded merely mechanical competence, eliminated the vital creative role of the artist’s idealising imagination, and appealed to uncultivated tastes attracted by the sensational wonders of the technical facsimile. Art lost its age-old raison d’être if it became indistinguishable from literal nature.
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Notes
R. Barthes ([1968] 1982) ‘The Reality Effect’ in French Literary Theory Today: A Reader, ed. T. Todorov (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 11–17
U. Eco (1986) Travels in Hyperreality: Essays (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich)
J. Baudrillard (1995) Simulacra and Simulation (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press).
G. Dening (1992) Mr Bligh’s Bad Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 4–5
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R. Samuel (1995) Theatres of Memory (London: Verso), pp. 175–6.
See R. Pearce (2003) ‘University History’, History Today, 53:8, p. 54.
T. Hunt (2006) ‘Reality, Identity and Empathy: The Changing Face of Social History Television’, Journal of Social History, 39:3, pp. 843–58.
Chapter 1 of B. Gibbon (2005) The Colony: The Book from the Popular SBS Living History Series (Sydney: Random House)
R. G. Collingwood ([1946] 1971) The Idea of History (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Designed by Scotland-based Traffic Games and released in 2004, ‘JFK Reloaded’ is described as a ‘3-D, First-Person Perspective, “Assassination Simulator”’. The player sits in the infamous Texas book repository with a gun and from the same vantage point as Lee Harvey Oswald attempts to replicate the magic bullet. Initially a cash prize was offered to anyone who could do so. According to the game designers it was intended to silence conspiracy theorists. See http://www.cool.com.au/computers-technology/personal-computers/jfk-reloaded-revisited-20060414256/. We are grateful to Lucinda Mathieson for this reference. See also J. de Groot (2006) ‘Empathy and Enfranchisement: Popular Histories’, Rethinking History, 10:3, pp. 391–413
B. Rejack (2007) ‘Toward a Virtual Re-enactment of History: Video Games and the Recreation of the Past’, Rethinking History, 11:3, pp. 411–25
M. Foucault (1977) ‘Nietzsche, Genealogy, History’ in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, ed. D. Bouchard (Ithaca: Cornell University Press), p. 140.
R. Williams ([1976] 1983) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, ed., rev. and expanded (London: Fontana Paperbacks, Flamingo), p. 258.
T. Carlyle (1872–3) History of Friedrich II of Prussia, called Frederick the Great, vol. 2 (London: Chapman and Hall,), p. 558.
T. Carlyle (1868) On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History (London: Chapman and Hall), p. 60.
V. Agnew (2007) ‘History’s Affective Turn: Historical Re-enactment and Its Work in the Present’, Rethinking History 11:3, p. 310.
A. Cook (2004) ‘The Use and Abuse of Historical Re-enactment: Thoughts on Recent Trends in Public History’, Criticism, 46:3, pp. 487–96.
See I. McCalman (2004) ‘The Little Ship of Horrors: Re-Enacting Extreme History’, Criticism, 46:3, pp. 477–86.
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P. Connerton (1989) How Societies Remember (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 61.
See I. Anstruther (1963) The Knight and the Umbrella: An Account of the Eglinton Tournament, 1839 (London: G. Bles).
Lamb has outlined this typology at numerous conferences and seminars since 2001. It appears in published form in his most recent book. See J. Lamb (2009) The Evolution of Sympathy in the Long Eighteenth Century (London: Pickering and Chatto), p. 137.
Lamb, The Evolution of Sympathy, p. 139; see T. Horwitz (1998) Confederates in the Attic, p. 8. See also D. Hall (1994) ‘Civil War Reenactors and the Postmodern Sense of history’, Journal of American Culture, 17:3, pp. 7–10.
See N. Elias (2000) The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
A. Boal (2002) Games for Actors and Non-Actors (New York: Routledge).
S. Magelssen (2006) ‘Making History in the Second Person: Post-Touristic Considerations for Living Historical Interpretation’, Theatre Journal, 58, pp. 291–312
R. Blackson (2007) ‘Once More... With Feeling: Re-enactment and Contemporary Art and Culture’, Art Journal, 61:1, pp. 36–7
R. Rosenstone (1995) Visions of the Past: The Challenge of Film to our Modern Idea of History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
See for example S. Macintyre and A. Clark (2003) The History Wars (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press).
S. Gapps (2003) ‘Authenticity Matters: Historical Re-enactment and Australian Attitudes to the Past’, Australian Cultural History 23, pp. 105–16
A. Schwarz (2007) ‘Not This Year! Reenacting Contested Pasts Aboard The Ship’, Rethinking History, 11: pp. 427–46.
The same is true of other disciplines. Drawing on the work of Michael Taussig some social anthropologists employ what they call an ‘intuitive’ approach in the face of fraught fieldwork conditions. Monique Skidmore, for example, has argued that the way to study the lives of those who live in an oppressive regime is to place yourself in danger alongside your subject and write about how you feel. To understand the ‘affective dimensions of dictatorship’, she writes of working in the field in Myanmar, ‘I intuit the experiences of the Burmese people I have come to know well’. Her terror, she claims, allows her to experience theirs intuitively without having to name them. See M. Skidmore (2003) ‘Darker than Midnight: Fear, Vulnerability, and Terror making in Urban Burma (Myanmar)’, American Ethnologist, 30:1, pp. 5, 7.
Cited in E. Kerridge] (1951) ‘Ridge and Furrow and Agrarian History’, Economic History Review, New Series, 4:1, p. 14 an
R. Holmes (1996) Footsteps: Adventures of a Romantic Biographer (New York: Vintage Books).
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© 2010 Iain McCalman and Paul A. Pickering
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McCalman, I., Pickering, P.A. (2010). From Realism to the Affective Turn: An Agenda. In: McCalman, I., Pickering, P.A. (eds) Historical Reenactment. Reenactment History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230277090_1
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