Skip to main content

Shifting Responsibility for Health and Healthy Lifestyles: Exploring Canadian Trends

  • Chapter
Book cover Ways of Living

Abstract

Canadians are extremely proud of their universal healthcare system. However, today this system is in trouble. Skyrocketing costs caused by multiple factors including an ageing-population (Baxter, 2002), expensive health technologies (Downey et al., 2007), pressures from a shortage of workers in the healthcare field (Dirnfeld, 2002), and escalation of chronic diseases such as diabetes (Canadian Diabetes Association and Diabète Québec, 2005) are combining with individual demands for services and pharmaceuticals. This phenomenon is being accelerated by increasing amounts of health information and enormous advertising campaigns aimed at influencing individual demand for pharmaceuticals. But at this unique time in the history of healthcare in Canada, there are three growing trends that may curb the cost crisis and reduce demand for healthcare services: a movement in the healthcare system towards prevention of morbidity rather than treatment after onset; the increase in both societal and individual interest in healthier living; and an increasing movement towards employee health promotion in the workplace.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abbott, A. (1988) The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, S. (2007) ‘Green light for drivers’, Occupational Health, 59 (11): 29–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. (2006) ‘Use of cessation methods among smokers aged 16–24 years-United States, 2003’, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55 (50): 1351–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter, D. (2002) ‘Population matters: demographics and healthcare in Canada’, in D. Gratzer (ed.), Better Medicine: Reforming Canadian Healthcare. Toronto, ON: ECW Press: 135–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • British Columbia Ministry of Health (1999) A Report on the Health of British Columbians. Victoria, British Columbia, Canada: British Columbia Ministry of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Diabetes Association and Diabète Québec (2005). Diabetes Progress Report 2005 Ottawa, ON: Canadian Diabetes Association and Diabète Québec.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capital Health (2001) ‘The supersize generation: responding to the obesity epidemic’. Paper presented at: Strategic Planning Workshop, June 2001, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Council on Social Development (2001) Equality, Inclusion and the Health of Canadians. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Council on Social Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deitz, D., Cook, R. and Hersch, R. (2005) ‘Workplace health promotion and utilization of health services’, The Journal of Behavioural Health Services and Research, 32 (3): 306–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Denis, J., Lamothe, L., Langley, A. and Valette, A. (1999) ‘The struggle to redefine boundaries in healthcare systems’, in Brock, D., Powell, M. and Hinings, C.R. (eds), Restructuring the Professional Organization: Accounting, Healthcare and Law. New York: Routledge: 105–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devaney, M. and Noone, P. (2008) ‘Is lifestyle screening worth it?’, Occupational Health, January: 27–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dirnfeld, V. (2002) ‘Foreword’, in D. Gratzer (ed.), Better Medicine: Reforming Canadian Healthcare., Toronto, ON: ECW Press: 135–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downey, A. (2000) ‘The status of worksite health promotion in a Canadian environment: an examination of the motives of different management groups’, Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Western Ontario, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downey, A. and Sharp D. (2007) ‘Why managers allocate resources to workplace health promotion programmes in countries with national health coverage’, Health Promotion International, 22 (2): 102–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downey, A., Kelly, H., D’Agnone, K., Sharpe, D. and Dastmalchian, A. (2008) ‘Growth of worksite health promotion in Canada’, Paper presented at the Administrative Science Association of Canada Annual Conference (Healthcare Management Division), Halifax, NS, ( June).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, N., Mackenzie, A. and Mobbs, R. (2008) ‘Compensation and wellness: a conflict for veterans’ health’, Australian Health Review, 32 (2): 308–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans R., Barer M. and Marmor T. (eds) (1994) Why Are Some People Healthy and Others Not?: The Determinants of Health of Populations. New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Provincial and Territorial Advisory Committee (FPTAC) (1996) Report on the Health of Canadians. Toronto, ON: Federal Provincial and Territorial Advisory Committee on Population Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Federal Provincial and Territorial Advisory Committee (FPTAC) (1999) Toward a Healthy Future: Second Report on the Health of Canadians. Ottawa, ON: Federal, Provincial and Territorial Advisory Committee on Population Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fyke K. (2001) Caring for Medicare: Sustaining a Quality System. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: Commission on Medicare.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glouberman S. (2001) Towards a New Perspective on Health Policy. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glouberman S. and J. Millar (2003) ‘Evolution of the determinants of health policy and human information systems in Canada’, American Journal of Public Health, 93 (3): 388–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L.W. and Kreuter, M.W. (1999) Health Promotion Planning: An Educational and Ecological Approach, 3rd edition. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, R. and Hinings, C.R. (1996) ‘Understanding radical organizational change: Bringing together the old and the new institutionalism’, Academy of Management Review, 21 (4): 1022–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groff, P. and Goldberg S. (2000) The Health Field Concept Then and Now: Snapshots of Canada. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haines, D.J., Davis, L., Rancour, P., Robinson, M., Neel-Wilson, T. and Wagner, S. (2007) ‘A pilot intervention to promote walking and wellness and to improve the health of college faculty and staff’, Journal of American College Health, 55 (4): 219–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Health & Welfare Canada (HWC) (1992) Discussion Paper on Phase I of a Study of Healthy Public Policy at Health & Welfare Canada. Ottawa, ON: Policy, Planning and Information Branch, Program Evaluation Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada (1989) Participaction: Our History and Evolution; 1971–. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada (1996) Key Determinants of Health. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horton, R. (2008) ‘Danger: people at work’, The Lancet, 371 (March 22): 971–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Human Resources Development Canada (1999) Helping Communities Give Children the Best Possible Start. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins J. and Keating D. (1999) Risk and Resilience in Six and Ten Year-Old Children. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keating D. and C. Hertzman (2000) Developing Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics. NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kegler, M.C., Norton, B.L. and Aronson, R. (2008) ‘Achieving organizational change: findings from case studies of 20 California health cities and communities coalitions’, Health Promotion International, 23 (2): 109–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kossek, E., Ozeki, C. and Kosier, D. (2001) ‘Wellness incentives: lessons learned about organizational change’, Human Resource Planning, 24 (4): 24–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalonde M. (1974) A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians, Ottawa: Government of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatt, P., Pink, G. and Naylor, C.D. (1996) ‘Integrated delivery systems: Time to experiment in Canada?’, Journal of the American Society of CLU and CHFC, September: 54–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leeuw, E. (2006) ‘Health promotion impact factor: join up, no translation’, Health Promotion International, 21 (4): 257–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeTourneau, B. and Fleischauer, A. (1999) ‘What physicians want’, Healthcare Executive, 14 (3): 10–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Maclean’s Health Reports (1999) Toronto, ON: Maclean Hunter Publishing Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madsen, S. (2003) ‘Wellness in the workplace: preparing employees for change’, Organization Development Journal, 21 (1): 46–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, S.A. (1998) ‘Service reconfiguration: preparing for clinical integration’, Healthcare Executive, 7 /8: 13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurx, J.C. (2004) ‘The financial impact of worksite comprehensive health promotion disease prevention interventions on modifiable risk factors and absenteeism’. (UMI No. 3129652).

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre, E., Pisaniello, D., Gun, R., Sanders, C. and Frith, D. (2002) ‘Balancing breastfeeding and paid employment: a project targeting employees, women and workplaces’, Health Promotion International, 17 (3): 215–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKay L. (2000) Health Beyond Healthcare: Twenty-Five Years of Federal Health Policy Development. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Policy Research Networks.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeown T. (1979) The Role of Medicine: Dream, Mirage or Nemesis? Oxford, England: Basil Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, G. and St. John, W. (2007) ‘Occupational health nurses’ perceptions of their current and future roles’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 58 (6): 585–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milano, C. (2007) ‘What ails workplace wellness programs?’, Risk Management, 54 (6): 30–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittelmark, M. (2007) ‘Shaping the future of health promotion: priorities for action’, Health Promotion International, 23 (1): 98–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmot, M., Bosma, H., Hemingway, H., Brunner, E. and Stansfeld, S. (1997) ‘Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence’, The Lancet, 350: 235–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickoloff, B. (1996) Towards a Common Understanding: Clarifying the Core Concepts of Population Health: A Discussion Paper. Ottawa, ON: Health Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Children’s Alliance (1998) Investing in Children and Youth: A National Children’s Agenda. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: National Children’s Alliance.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, N. (2008) ‘The black report’, Occupational Health, 60 (5): 22–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pluye, P., Potvin, L., Denis, J.L. and Pelletier, J. (2004) ‘Program sustainability: focus on organizational routines’, Health Promotion International, 19 (4): 489–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, M.J., Brock, D.M. and Hinings, C.R. (1999) ‘The changing professional organization’, in Brock, D., Powell, M. and Hinings, C.R. (eds), Restructuring the Professional Organization: Accounting, Healthcare and Law. New York: Routledge: 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, C.B. (2008) ‘Crafting campaign themes (and slogans) for preventing overweight and obesity’, Public Relations Quarterly, 52 (2): 2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (2008) Workplace Health, Safety and Well-being of the Nurse. Toronto, ON: Registered Nurses Association of Ontario.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, B., Edwards, N. and D’Avernas, J. (2008) ‘People and Money Matter: Investment Lessons from the Ontario Heart Health Program’, Health Promotion International, 23 (1), pp. 24–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romanow, R. (2002) Building on Values: The Future of Healthcare in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Commission on the Future of Healthcare in Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, W.R. and Backman, E.V. (1990) ‘Institutional theory and the medical care sector’, in Stephen M.S. and Associates (ed.), Innovations in Healthcare Delivery: Insights for Organization Theory. Oxford: Jossey-Bass: 20–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics Canada (2001). Tracking Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey (CTUMS). Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, R. and Nicholas, I.D. (1985) ‘Healthcare costs: getting to the heart of the problem’, Risk Management, 32 (7): 20–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, B.J., Alexander, J.A. and Zuckerman, H.S. (2000) ‘Strategies for effective management participation in community health partnerships’, Healthcare Management Review, 25 (3): 48–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson R.G. (1996) Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • White, K. and Jacques, P. (2007) ‘Combined diet and exercise intervention in the workplace’, AAOHN Journal, 55 (3): 109–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, R.A. and Parker, D.F. (1994) ‘Employee health management: challenges and opportunities’, The Academy of Management Executive, 8 (2): 22–31.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2010 Angela Downey, Ali Dastmalchian, Helen M. Kelley, David Sharp and Kristene D’Agnone

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Downey, A., Dastmalchian, A., Kelley, H.M., Sharp, D., D’Agnone, K. (2010). Shifting Responsibility for Health and Healthy Lifestyles: Exploring Canadian Trends. In: Blyton, P., Blunsdon, B., Reed, K., Dastmalchian, A. (eds) Ways of Living. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230273993_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics