Abstract
On 10 June, 1946, Italy became a republic on the announcement by the Court of Cassation, sitting in the Hall of the She Wolf at Montecitorio (seat of the Italian Parliament), that a majority of the voters at the referendum held on 2 June had voted for a republic. King Umberto II, who had agreed to abide by the results of the referendum, protested strongly against such an announcement being formally made when returns were admittedly incomplete, but he left the country for Portugal on 13 June in accordance with his pledge. The final figures, announced by the Court of Cassation on 18 June, showed:—For a republic, 12,718,641 (54 3% of the valid votes cast, which numbered 23,437,143); for the retention of the monarchy, 10,718,502 (45 7%); invalid and contested, 1,509,735. Total 24,946,878, or 89 1% of the registered electors, who numbered 28,005,449. Voting was compulsory, open to both men and women 21 years of age or older, and included specifically the members of the Civil Service and the armed forces; active Fascists and a few other categories were excluded from registration.
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Books of Reference
Statistical Information.—The Istituto Centrale di Statistica (Via Cesarc Balho 16, Rome) was set up by law of 9 Jnly, 1920, as the central iastirute in charge of census and other statistical information, and as a co-ordinating and controlling office for the statistics supplied by other departments. President.—Professor Lanfranco Maroi; Director-General.—Professor Benedetto Peri. Its publications include:—
Annuario Statistico Italiano: 1st series. 1878–1907; 2nd series, 1911–25; 3rd series, 1927–33; 4th series, 1934–43; 5th series, vol. I (1944–48); vol. H. (1949–50).
Compendio Statistico Italiano, 1919–50.
Italia, 1938–48: Sintesi grafico-statistiche. 1950.
Ccnsimento industrial e commerciale, 1937–39. 9 vols.
Annuario statistico dell’ agricoltura italiana, 1913–40. 1950.
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Statistica del commercio con l’estero. Monthly.
Annuario dell’ agricoltura italiana, 1949. Istituto Nazionale di Economia agraria. Rome, 1950.
Annuario della congiuntura economica italiana, 1948. Istituto per gli studi di economia, Milan, 1949.
Touring Club Italiano. Milan. Publishes reliable guide books to Italy; sheet road maps and automobile maps.
Enciclopedia Italiana. 36 vols, and 2 suppl. Home, 1937–48.
Treaty of Peace, 10 Feb., 1947. Cmd. 7181, 7482 (maps). H.M.S.O., 1918.
Works of Art in Italy. Losses and Survivals in the War. 2 pts. H.M.S.O., 1945–46.
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Banco di Koma: Review of the Economic Conditions in Italy (in English). Bimonthly, Rome, 1947 ff.
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Binchy (D.), Church and State in Italy, Oxford, 1941.
Bonomi (Ivanoe), La Politica Italiana da Porta Pia a Vittorio Veneto (1870–1918): Interpretation of the political history of modern Italy. Printed in 1941 but banned for publication. Turin, 1944.
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Longobardi (C.), Land Reclamation in Italy. London, 1930.
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Rnini (M.) and others, La nuova costituzione italiana. Rome, 1947.
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Books of Reference
Gnida dell’ Africa Orientale Italiana. Milan, 1938.
The Italian Colonial Empire, with Chapters on the Dodecanese and Albania. (The Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London. 1940.
Lord Rennell of Rodd, British Militarv Administration of Occupied Territories in Africa, 1941–47. London, 1948.
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Area and Population.— The area of the territory is estimated at 1,759,540 square km., or 079,358 square miles. On 31 Dec, 1938, the population was 888,401 (89,098 Italians, 6,078 other Europeans and 793,225 natives, of whom 763,179 were Moslems and 30,046 Jews). Of the Moslem population, the Negroes of various races form about 35%.
Tripolitania has an area of about 353,000 square km. and a population (1950) of 796,900, including 46,400 Italians and 20,700 Jews. The Fezzan has 49,950 inhabitants. The estimated area of Cyrenaica is about 855,000 square km. with a population of 327,000; principal towns: Benghazi, 60,000 (including small Jewish and foreign communities); Derna, 15,000; Barce, 7,500, and Tobruk, 2,500.
Justice.—In so far as personal status or family or succession matters are concerned, justice is administered by Moslem tribunals for Moslems according to their own religious law, and by regional tribunals according to Italian law in civil and commercial matters, whether the parties concerned be Italians, foreigners or natives.
Judicial tribunals include arbitrators (arbilri conciliitlori); Ahliya (or native) courts for certain minor matters; civil and penal courts in Tripoli and Benghazi, with subsidiary courts at Misurata and Dorna; courts of assize in Tripoli and Benghazi, and courts of appeal in Tripoli and Benghazi.
Education.—In Tripolitania there are, for Arabs, 125 primary schools and 2 secondary schools, with a total of 19,558 pupils. There are also Koranic and Jewish schools. For Italians, there are 82 primary and S secondary schools, with a total of 10,005 pupils. There are 2 teachers’ training colleges for Arabs.
In Cyrenaica there is a teachers’ training centre, an evening institute, a secondary school, a trade school, 10 primary schools, 44 elementary schools and 41 Koranic schools. The number of students in 1949 was 8,249.
Production and Industry.—Libya has 3 zones from the coast inland—the Mediterranean, the sub-desert and the desert. The first, which covers an area of about 17,231 square miles, is the only one properly suited for agriculture, and may be further subdivided into (1) the oases along the coast, the richest in North Africa, in which thrive the date-palm, the olive, the orange and all Mediterranean plants; (2) the steppe district, suitable for cereals ( barley and wheat) and pasture. This district is the one where Italian colonization has chiefly spread; it has olive, almond, vine, orange and mulberry trees and ricinus plants; (3) the dunes, which are being gradually afforested with acacia, robinia, poplar and pine; (4) the Jebel (the mountain district, Tarhuna, Garian, Nalut-Yefren), in which thrive the olive, the fig, the vine and other fruit trees, and which on the east slopes down to the sea with the fertile hills of Msellata. Output of olive oil, 1947, 936 metric tons. The sub-desert zone produces the alfa plant. The desert zone and the Fezzan contain some fertile oases, such as those of Ghadames, Ghat, Socna, Sebha, Brak. It is estimated that in Tripolitania and Fezzan there are about 2’5 million date palms and about 500,000 in Cyrenaica. In 1949, there were in Tripolitania:—194,000 sheep, 221,000 goats, 35,300 cattle, 52,000 camels, 29,800 donkeys, mules and horses and 1,370 pigs. Cyrenaica had in 1949:—363,600 sheep, 436,000 goats, 31,400 cattle, 22,500 camels, 18,000 horses, mules and donkeys and 100 pigs.
Industry.—Amongst the more important industries of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica are sponge fishing, tunny fishing, tobacco growing and processing, dyeing and weaving of local wool and imported cotton yarn, and olive oil.
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Campbell (Dugatd), Camels through, Libya: A, Desert Adventure from the Fringes of the Sahara to the Oases of Upper Egypt. London, 1935.
Casserly (G.), Tripolitania. London, 1943.
Cecchenni (Ugo), Bibliografia della Libia. Rome, 1915.
Despois (J.), Le Djebel Nefousa. Paris, 1935.—La colonisation italienne en Lybie. Problèms et méthodes. Paris, 1935.
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Laura (Ratlaele di), Tripolitania. Naples, 1932.
Moore (Martin), Fourth Shore: Italy’s Mass Colonization of Libya. London, 1940.
Morgantini (A. M.), La Libia Occidentale nei suoi Principali Aspetti Economico-Statistic nel Quinqucnuio, 1931–35. Tripoli, 1938.
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Longrigg (S. H.), A Short History of Eritrea, Loudon, 1915.
Pollera (A.), Le Popolazioni Indigene Dell’Eritrea. Bologna, 1935.
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Bullotla (A.). La Somalia Sotto due bandiere. Milan, 1919.
Cesari (Oesare), La Somalia Italiana. Koine, 1935.
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© 1951 Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited
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Steinberg, S.H. (1951). Italy. In: Steinberg, S.H. (eds) The Statesman’s Year-Book. The Statesman’s Yearbook. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230270800_41
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