Abstract
The Congo Independent State has succeeded to the Congo International Association, founded in 1883 by Leopold II., King of the Belgians. That Association, having obtained the recognition of its sovereignty by treaties in 1884 and 1885, with most of the European nations and the United States of America, adhered, February 26, 1885, to the resolutions of the Congress of Berlin. These resolutions, collected in a “General Act,” establish freedom of trade in the basin of the Congo, and declare absolutely free the navigation of the Congo, its tributaries, and the lakes and canals connected with it; they lay down rules for the protection of the natives and the suppression ot the slave trade, and impose on the powers which signed the Act the obligation to accept the mediation of one or more friendly governments should any serious dispute occur concerning the territories of the conventional basin of the Congo. An International Conference at Brussels in 1890 authorised the Government of the Independent State to levy certain duties on imports.
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Books of Reference concerning the Congo State
1. Official
Bulletin officiel de l’Etat Indépendant du Congo.
Convention between Her Majesty and the King of the Belgians in the name of the International Association of the Congo. London, 1885.
Correspondence with Her Majesty’s Ambassador at Berlin respecting West African Conference. London, 1885.
L’Etat Independent du Congo à l’Exposition de Bruxelles. Bruxelles, 1897.
Protocols and General Act of the West African Conference. London, 1885.
2. Unofficial
Alexis (M. G.), Le Congo Belge. Brussels. 1888.
Bailey (H.), Travel and Adventure in the Congo Free State. London, 1894.
Bentley (Rev. W. H.), Life on the Congo. London, 1887.—Pioneering on the Congo. 2 vols. London, 1900.
Blanchard (G.), Formation et Constitution Politique de l’Etat Independant du Congo. Paris, 1899.
Boulger (D. C.), The Congo State. London, 1898.
Bourne (H. R. F.), Civilization in Congoland. London, 1903.
Bula N’Zau.—Travel and Adventures in the Congo Free State. 8. London, 1894.
Buls (C.), Croquis Congolais. Bruxelles, 1899.
Burdo (A.), Les Belges dans l’Afrique centrale. 6 vols. 4. Brussels. 1891.
Burrows (G.), The Land of the Pigmies. London, 1899.
Gattier (M.), Droit et Administration de l’Etat Indépendant du Congo. Bruxelles 1898.
Ghapaux (A.), Le Congo historique, diplomatique et colonial. Bruxelles, 1894.
Goquilhat (C.), Sur le Haut-Congo. Paris, 1888.
Deken (C. de), Deux Ans au Congo. Bruxelles, 1901.
Donny (Général), Manuel du Voyageur et du Résident au Congo. 3 vols, and supplement. Brussels, 1900–01.
Droogmans (H.), Le Congo. Quatre conférences publiques. Brussels, 1895.
Dupont (E.), Le Congo. Brussels, 1889.
Glave (E. G.), Six Years of Adventure in Congoland. 8. London, 1893.
Godelieve (Marie),Six ans au Congo. Bruxelles, 1898.
Hinde (S. L.), The Fall of the Congo Arabs. London, 1897.
Jeannent. Quatre années au Congo. Brussels, 1889.
The Colonisation of Africa. Cambridge, 1899.
Johnston (Sir H. H.), The River Congo. London, 1895.
Keltie (J. Scott), The Partition of Africa. 2nd Edition. London, 1895
Le Congo Illustré. Bruxelles, 1892–95.
Le Maire (C. F. A.), Congo et Belgique. 4. Bruxelles, 1894. Au Congo, comment les noirs travaillent. Bruxelles, 1895.
Le Mouvement Géographique. Brussels, weekly.
Lloyd (A. B.), In Dwarf and Cannibal Country, London, 1899.
Lycops (A.), Codes Congolais et Lois usuels en vigueur au Congo. Bruxelles, 1900.
Mandat-Grancey (Baron E. de), Au Congo, 1898. Paris, 1900.
Mille (P.), Au Congo Belge. Paris, 1899.
Ortroy (F. Van), Conventions Internationales concernant l’Afrique. Brussels, 1898.
Pechuel-Loesche (Dr.), Kongoland. Jena, 1887.
Picard (E.), En Congolie. Bruxelles. 1897.
Pierantoni (R.), Le Congres de Berlin etl’ Etat Independant du Congo. Bruxelles, 1901.
Poskin (A.), Bilans Congolais. Bruxelles, 1900.
Reclus (E.), Nouvelle géographie universelle. Vol. XIII. Paris, 1888.
Stanley (H. M.), The Congo and the Founding of its Free State. 2 vols. London 1885.
Stanley (H. M.), Through the Dark Continent. 2 vols. London, 1878.
Thys (Capt.), Au Congo et au Kassasi. Brussels, 1888.
Trouet (L.), Le Chemin de Ferdu Congo. Brussels, 1898.
Van Moesel, Etude sur la législature de l’Etat Indépendant du Congo.
Ward (H.), Five Years with the Congo Cannibals. London, 1890.
Wauters (A. J.), L Etat Independant du Congo. Brussels, 1899.—Bibliographie du Congo (1880–95). Brussels, 1896.—De Bruxelles à Kareina. Bruxelles, 1901.
White (A. Silva), The Development of Africa. London. 1890.
Wildemann (E. de) and others. Etat Independant du Congo. Annales du Musée du ongo. Series I. and IL (Fauna and Flora). Bruxelles, 1898.
Wissmann (H.), Im Innern Afrikas. Berlin, 1888.
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Keltie, J.S. (1903). Congo Independent State. In: Keltie, J.S. (eds) The Statesman’s Year-Book. The Statesman’s Yearbook. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230270329_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230270329_16
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