Abstract
Any consideration of the relationship between social identity and social action begs a rather basic question: what is social about social identity? What is implied by the epithet ‘social’ that differentiates it from personal, or non-social, aspects of identity? In the sense that we use the term, there are several aspects to the sociality of social identity. These follow from a basic definition of social identity as ‘the individual’s knowledge that he [or she] belongs to certain social groups together with some emotional and value significance to him [or her] of this group membership’ (Tajfel, 1972: 32). As such, social (as opposed to personal) identity is the psychological basis of intergroup behaviour, so that rather than subverting identity (c.f. Le Bon, 1897; Zimbardo, 1969), acting in terms of one’s membership of a social group entails acting in terms of a different, equally valid and meaningful aspect of one’s self-concept.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Balsom, D. (1985) The Three-Wales Model. In J. Osmond (ed.) The National Question Again: Welsh Political Identity in the 1980s. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.
Billig, M. (1985) Prejudice, Categorization and Particularization: From a Perceptual to a Rhetorical Approach. European Journal of Social Psychology 15: 79–103.
Billig, M. (1996) Arguing and Thinking: A Rhetorical Approach to Social Psychology, Revised Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bourhis, R. Y. and Giles, H. (1977) The Language of Intergroup Distinctiveness. In H. Giles (ed.) Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.
Bourhis, R. Y., Giles, H. and Tajfel, H. (1973) Language as a Determinant of Welsh Identity. European Journal of Social Psychology 3: 447–60.
Bowie, F. (1993) Wales from Within: Conflicting Interpretations of Welsh Identity. In S. Macdonald (ed.) Inside European Identities. Oxford: Berg.
Cloke, P., Goodwin, M. and Milbourne, P. (1998) Cultural Change and Conflict in Rural Wales: Competing Constructs of Identity. Environment and Planning 30: 463–80.
Coupland, N., Bishop, H. and Garrett, P. (2003) Home Truths: Globalisation and the Iconising of Welsh in a Welsh-American Newspaper. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24: 153–77.
Coupland, N., Bishop, H., Williams, A., Evans, B. and Garrett, P. (2005) Affiliation, Engagement, Language Use and Vitality: Secondary School Students’ Subjective Orientations to Welsh and Welshness. The International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 8: 1–24.
Davies, J. (1994) A History of Wales. London: Penguin.
Drury, J. and Reicher, S. (1999) The Intergroup Dynamics of Collective Empowerment: Substantiating the Social Identity Model of Crowd Behaviour. Group Process & Intergroup Relations 2: 381–402.
Drury, J. and Reicher, S. (2000) Collective Action and Psychological Change: The Emergence of New Social Identities. British Journal of Social Psychology 39: 579–604.
Edwards, D. (1991) Categories Are for Talking: On the Cognitive and Discursive Bases of Categorization. Theory and Psychology 1: 515–42.
Fitz, J. (2000) Local Identity and National Systems: The Case of Wales. In K. Shimahara and I. Holowinsky (eds.) Ethnicity, Race and Nationality in Education: A Global Perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Giles, H., Bourhis, R. and Taylor, D. M. (1977a) Towards a Theory of Language in Ethnic Group Relations. In H. Giles (ed.) Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.
Giles, H., Taylor, D. M. and Bourhis, R. Y. (1977b) Dimensions of Welsh Identity. European Journal of Social Psychology 7: 165–74.
Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C. and Reynolds, K. J. (1998a) The Group as a Basis for Emergent Stereotype Consensus. European Review of Social Psychology 9: 203–39.
Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., Eggins, R. A., Nolan, M. and Tweedie, J. (1998b) When do Stereotypes become Really Consensual? Investigating the Group-Based Dynamics of the Consensualisation Process. European Journal of Social Psychology 28: 755–76.
Hornsey, M. J. and Hogg, M. A. (2000a) Assimilation and Diversity: An Integrative Model of Subgroup Relations. Personality and Social Psychology Review 4: 143–56.
Hornsey, M. J. and Hogg, M. A. (2000b) Subgroup Relations: A Comparison of the Mutual Intergroup Differentiation and Common Ingroup Identity Models of Prejudice Reduction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26: 242–56.
Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R. and Spears, R. (2006) Living on the Edge: Dynamics of Intragroup and Intergroup Rejection Experiences. In R. Brown and D. Capozza (eds.) Social Identities: Motivational, Emotional and Cultural Influences. London: Sage.
Jetten, J., Branscombe, N. R., Spears, R. and McKimmie, B. M. (2003) Predicting the Paths of Peripherals: The Interaction of Identification and Future Possibilities. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29: 130–40.
Jetten, J. and Spears, R. (2004) The Divisive Potential of Differences and Similarities: The Role of Intergroup Distinctiveness in Intergroup Differentiation. European Review of Social Psychology 14: 203–41.
Jetten, J., Spears, R. and Manstead, A. S. R. (1996) Intergroup Norms and Intergroup Discrimination: Distinctive Self-Categorisation and Social Identity Effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71: 1222–33.
Jetten, J., Spears, R. and Manstead, A. S. R. (1997) Strength of Identification and Intergroup Differentiation: The Influence of Group Norms. European Journal of Social Psychology 27: 603–9.
Jetten, J., Spears, R. and Manstead, A. S. R. (2001) Similarity as a Source of Discrimination: The Role of Group Identification. European Journal of Social Psychology 31: 621–40.
Le Bon, G. (1897) The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (2nd edition). London: T. Fisher Unwin.
Mackie, D. M., Devos, T. and Smith, E. R. (2000) Intergroup Emotions: Explaining Offensive Action Tendencies in an Intergroup Context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 602–16.
Morton, T. A., Postmes, T. and Jetten, J. (2007) Playing the Game: When Group Success is More Important than Downgrading Deviants. European Journal of Social Psychology 37: 599–616.
Mummendey, A. and Wenzel, M. (1999) Social Discrimination and Tolerance in Intergroup Relations: Reactions to Intergroup Difference. Personality and Social Psychology Review 3: 158–74.
Osmond, J. (ed.) (1985) The National Question Again: Welsh Political Identity in the 1980s. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.
Reicher, S., Haslam, S. A. and Hopkins, N. (2005) Social Identity and the Dynamics of Leadership: Leaders and Followers as Collaborative Agents in the Transformation of Social Reality. Leadership Quarterly 16: 547–68.
Reicher, S. and Hopkins, N. (1996a) Seeking Influence through Characterizing Self-Categories: An Analysis of Anti-Abortionist Rhetoric. British Journal of Social Psychology 35: 297–311.
Reicher, S. and Hopkins, N. (1996b) Self-Category Constructions in Political Rhetoric: An Analysis of Thatcher’s and Kinnock’s Speeches Concerning the British Miners’ Strike (1984–5). European Journal of Social Psychology 26: 353–71.
Reicher, S. and Hopkins, N. (2001) Self and Nation. London: Sage.
Reicher, S. D., Hopkins, N. and Condor, S. (1997) Stereotype Construction as a Strategy of Influence. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers and S. A. Haslam (eds.) The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and Group Life. Oxford: Blackwell.
Scheepers, D., Spears, R., Doosje, B. and Manstead, A. S. R. (2006) Diversity in In-Group Bias: Structural Factors, Situational Features, and Social Functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90: 944–60.
Smith, E. R. (1993) Social Identity and Social Emotions: Toward New Conceptualizations of Prejudice. In D. M. Mackie and D. L. Hamilton (eds.) Affect, Cognition, and Stereotyping: Interactive Processes in Group Perception. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Spears, R., Jetten, J. and Doosje, B. (2001) The (Il)legitimacy of Ingroup Bias: From Social Reality to Social Resistance. In J. T. Jost and B. Major (eds.) The Psychology of Legitimacy: Emerging Perspectives on Ideology, Justice and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Spears, R., Jetten, J. and Scheepers, D. (2002) Distinctiveness and the Definition of Collective Self: A Tripartite Model. In A. Tesser, J. V. Wood and D. A. Stapel (eds.) Self and Motivation: Emerging Psychological Perspectives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Stott, C., Adang, O., Livingstone, A. and Schreiber, M. (2007) Variability in the Collective Behaviour of England Fans at Euro2004: Policing, Intergroup Relations, Identity and Social Change. European Journal of Social Psychology 37: 75–100.
Stott, C., Adang, O., Livingstone, A. and Schreiber, M. (2008) Tackling ‘Football Hooliganism’: A Quantitative Study of Public Order, Policing and Crowd Psychology. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 14: 115–41.
Stott, C. J. and Drury, J. (2000) Crowds, Context and Identity: Dynamic Categorization Processes in the ‘Poll Tax Riot’. Human Relations 53: 247–73.
Stott, C. J. and Reicher, S. (1998) How Conflict Escalates: The Inter-Group Dynamics of Collective Football Crowd ‘Violence’. Sociology 32: 353–77.
Tajfel, H. (1972) La Categorisation Sociale (English trans.). In S. Moscovici (ed.) Introduction à la Psychologie Sociale. Paris: Larouse.
Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P. and Flament, C. (1971) Social Categorization and Intergroup Behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology 1: 149–78.
Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. C. (1979) An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. In W. G. Austin and S. Worchel (eds.) The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole.
Thompson, A. and Day, G. (1999) Situating Welshness: ‘Local’ Experience and National Identity. In R. Fevre and A. Thompson (eds.) Nation, Identity and Social Theory: Perspectives from Wales. Cardiff, Wales: University of Wales Press.
Trosset, C. S. (1986) The Social Identity of Welsh Learners. Language in Society 15: 165–92.
Turner, J. C. (1985) Social Categorization and the Self-Concept: A Social Cognitive Theory of Group Behaviour. In E. J. Lawler (ed.) Advances in Group Processes. Greenwich: JAI Press.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. and Wetherell, M. (1987) Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorisation Theory. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. H. and Leach, C. (2004) Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is! Explaining Collective Action Tendencies Through Group-Based Anger and Group Efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87: 649–64.
Welsh Language Board (2003) Census 2001: Main Statistics about Welsh. Retrieved from: http://www.bwrdd-yriaith.org.uk/cynnwys.php?cID=&pID=109&nID=173&langID=2 on 2nd February, 2007.
Wetherell, M. and Potter, J. (1992) Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Legitimation of Exploitation. London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf.
Zimbardo, P. (1969) The Human Choice: Individuation, Reason, and Order Versus Deindividuation, Impulse, and Chaos. In W. J. Arnold and D. Levine (eds.) Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 17). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2009 Andrew Livingstone, Russell Spears, Antony S. R. Manstead and Martin Bruder
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Livingstone, A., Spears, R., Manstead, A.S.R., Bruder, M. (2009). Defining Common Goals without Speaking the Same Language: Social Identity and Social Action in Wales. In: Wetherell, M. (eds) Theorizing Identities and Social Action. Identity Studies in the Social Sciences. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230246942_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230246942_13
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-36883-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-24694-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)