Abstract
Speaking at the launch of the European Union Commission’s proposals for an integrated energy and climate change package in January 2007, Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso stated that:
Today marks a step change for the European Union. Energy policy was a core area at the start of the European project. We must now return it to centre stage. The challenge of climate change, increasing import dependence and higher energy prices are faced by all EU members. A common European response is necessary to deliver sustainable, secure and competitive energy.1
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Notes and References
EU Commission President, Jose Manuel Barroso, 10 January 2007, IP/07/29, available at http://europa.eu/
Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament — An Energy Policy for Europe, SEC (2007) 12.
Presidency Conclusions of the Brussels European Council, 7775/06, 15.
Commission Staff Working Document, Annex to the Green Paper, What Is At Stake — Background document on the Green Paper — A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive ana Secure Energy, SEC (2006) 317/2, 6.
Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament — An Energy Policy for Europe, SEC (2007) 12, 12.
Commission Staff Working Document, Annex to the Green Paper, What Is At Stake — Background document on the Green Paper — A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive ana Secure Energy, SEC (2006) 317/2, 28–9.
Dieter Helm, ‘European Energy Policy: Securing Supplies and Meeting the Challenge of Climate Change’, in D. Helm (ed.), The New Energy Paradigm, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, 440.
Ibid., 440, 442–3.
Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament — An Energy Policy for Europe, SEC (2007) 12, 7.
Commission Staff Working Document, Annex to the Green Paper, What Is At stake — Background document on the Green Paper — A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, SEC (2006) 317/2, 47.
Ibid., 16.
See the Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament — An Energy Policy for Europe, SEC (2007) 12, especially Annex 1.
Commission of the European Communities, Problems, Resources and Necessary Progress in Community Energy Policy 1975–1985, Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 1975.
Jeffrey Pryce, ‘The Atlantic Alliance and the Yom Kippur War’, Cambridge Review of International Studies, 1 (1), 1986, 28.
Elizabeth Heneghan, ‘Acrimony and Alliance: European Political Cooperation and the Middle East’, Cambridge Review of International Studies, 1 (1), 1986, 34.
Robert Lieber, ‘Cohesion and Disruption in the Western Alliance’, in David Yergin and Martin Hilenbrand (eds), Global Insecurity, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982.
Romano Prodi and Alberto Clo, ‘Europe’, in Raymond Vernon (ed.), Daedalus: The Oil Crisis, 104, 1975, 103.
Anouk Honoré and Jonathan Stern, ‘A Constrained Future for Gas in Europe?’, in D. Helm (ed.), The New Energy Paradigm, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007, 243.
Debra Johnson, ‘EU-Russian Energy Links: A Maniage of Convenience’, Government and Opposition, 40 (2), Spring 2005, 273.
Dieter Helm, ‘The Russian Dimension and Europe’s External Energy Policy’, September 2007, 3. At: www.dieterhelm.co.uk
Presidency Conclusions of the Brussels European Council, 7775/06, Annex III, 31.
IEA, Country Policy Review: Germany, Paris: IEA, 2007, 7.
‘Bullish Gazprom Plots Way Forward’, Petroleum Economist, January 2008, at: www.petroleum-economist.com
Commission Staff Working Document, Annex to the Green Paper, What Is At Stake — Background document on the Green Paper — A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, SEC (2006) 317/2, 25. There is, of course, another dimension of’ security’ of supply to do with the geopolitics and control of oil and gas transportation routes, including their military protection, which the EU is not well placed to address, notwithstanding its support for the Nabucco pipeline proposal. The significance of this dimension was underscored by the August 2008 Russian invasion of Georgia and the (temporary) closing of the BTC pipeline. This is an area that NATO began to address at its Riga Summit in November 2006 but it is beyond the scope of the present chapter.
‘Bullish Gazprom Plots Way Forward’, Petroleum Economist, January 2008, at: www.petroleum-economist.com
Honoré and Stern, op. cit., 240.
Johnson, op. cit., 261.
Putin is quoted in Martha Brill Olcott, ‘The Energy Dimension in Russian Global Strategy: Vladimir Putin and the Geopolitics of Oil’, The James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, October 2004.
Helm, ‘The Russian Dimension …’ op. cit., 57.
Mark Jaccard, Sustainable Fossil Fuels, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, 14.
Paul Stevens, ‘Oil Markets and the Future’, in Dieter Helm (ed.), The New Energy Paradigm, Oxlord: Oxlord University Press, 2007, 128–9.
See Amy Myers Jalle and Ronald Soligo, ‘The Changing Role ol National Oil Companies in International Markets’ and ‘The International Oil Companies’, The James A. Baker Institute lor Public Policy, Rice University, April and November 2007, respectively.
Jaccard, op. cit., 238.
’steady as She Goes’, The Economist, 22 April 2006, 82.
Communication Irom the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament — An Energy Policy lor Europe, SEC (2007) 12, 11.
IEA, Country Review: France, Paris: IEA, 2004, Executive Summary, 7.
IEA, Country Review: Germany, Paris: IEA, 2007, Executive Summary, 9.
Malcolm Grimston, ‘Nuclear Energy’, in D. Helm (ed.), The New Energy Paradigm, op. cit., 409.
Ibid., 410.
IEA, Country Review: the United States of America, Paris: IEA, 2007, Executive Summary, 13.
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© 2009 Simon Bromley
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Bromley, S. (2009). The European Union: A Player in World Energy Politics?. In: Gamble, A., Lane, D. (eds) The European Union and World Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230246188_13
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