Skip to main content

A Scholar in Action in Interwar America: John H. Williams on Trade Theory and Bretton Woods

  • Chapter
American Power and Policy

Abstract

Interwar economic events were a powerful source of inspiration for those economists who studied the relation between theory and current problems with a view to prescribing original solutions for policy authorities. If we examine the presidential addresses at the annual meetings of the American Economic Association (AEA), we see that the difficulty in reconciling past economic doctrines with the events which were profoundly disturbing the working of the economic system was frequently deplored. Many scholars denounced the inherited corpus of economic theories as inadequate and misleading. Others asked whether the causes of economic maladjustments could exclusively be grouped in the short term of cyclical fluctuations which characterized the transition between equilibrium positions. Still others, more pragmatically, believed that there were major imperfections in economic policies and the institutional framework which needed to be profoundly rethought and redesigned.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • American Bankers Association, 1945, Practical International Financial Organization through Amendments to Bretton Woods Proposal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angell, J.W., 1926, The Theory of International Prices. History, Criticism and Restatement, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Asso, P.F., 1994, ‘The Economist as Preacher: the Correspondence between Irving Fisher and Benito Mussolini and Other Letters on the Fisher Plan,’ in Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology. Archival Supplement, ed. W. Samuels, vol. 4, London: JAI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asso, P.F., 2002, ‘The Home Bias Approach in the History of Economic Thought: Issues on Financial Globalization from Adam Smith to John Maynard Keynes,’ in M. De Cecco and J. Lorentzen (eds), Markets and Authorities: Global Finance and Human Choice. Essays in Memory of Susan Strange, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barber, W.J., 1985, From New Era to New Deal. Herbert Hoover, the Economists and American Economic Policy, 1921–1933, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, W.J., 1998, ‘Remarks on “America-ness” in American Economic Thought,’ in Rutherford 1998, pp. 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckhart, B.H., 1944, ‘The Bretton Woods Proposal for an International Monetary Fund,’ Political Science Quarterly, 49(4) (December): 489–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, E.M., 1944, ‘A Practical International Monetary Policy,’ American Economic Review, 34(4) (December): 771–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, E.M., 1968, ‘The International Monetary Fund,’ International Organization, 22(1) (Winter): 131–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, M.A., 2001, A Perilous Progress: Economists and Public Purpose in Twentieth Century America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomfield, A.I., 1950, Capital Imports and the American Balance of Payments, 1934–1939: a Study in Abnormal International Capital Transfers, New York: Augustus M. Kelley Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bogen, J.I., 1944, ‘The View of Jules I. Bogen,’ in International Financial Stabilization: a Symposium, New York: Irving Trust Company, pp. 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordo, M. and A.J. Schwartz, 2001, ‘From the Exchange Stabilization Fund to the International Monetary Fund,’ National Bureau of Economic Research, WP 8100, January.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Borneuf, A.E., 1944, ‘Professor Williams and the Fund,’ American Economic Review, 34(4) (December): 840–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W.A., 1945, ‘The Repurchase Provisions of the Proposed International Monetary Fund,’ American Economic Review, 35(1) (March): 111–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bullock, C.J., R.S. Tucker and J.H. Williams, 1919, ‘The History of our Foreign Trade Balance from 1789 to 1914,’ Review of Economic Statistics, 1(3) (July): 215–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, S.V.O., 1977, ‘Exchange Rate Stabilization in the Mid-1930s: Negotiating the Tripartite Agreement,’ Princeton Studies in International Finance, No. 41, Princeton University, Department of Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, S.V.O., 1987, ‘John H. Williams,’ The New Palgrave: a Dictionary of Economics, ed. J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, and P. Newman, 4 Vols, London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coats, A.W., 1992, ‘Economics in the United States, 1920–1970,’ in On the History of Economic Thought: British and American Economic Essays, Vol. 1, London: Routledge, pp. 407–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coats, A.W., 1998, ‘What is American about American Economics,’ in Rutherford 1998, pp. 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, B., 1998, The Geography of Money, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R.J., 1971, The New Economics and the Old Economists, Ames: Iowa State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Cecco, M., 1976, ‘International Financial Markets and US Domestic Policy since 1945,’ International Affairs, 52(3) (July): 381–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Vries, M. Garritsen, 1996, ‘The Bretton Woods Conference and the Birth of the International Monetary Fund,’ in O. Kirshner (ed.), The Bretton Woods–GATT system: Retrospect and Prospect after Fifty Years, New York: Sharpe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorfman, J., 1947–59, The American Mind in Economic Civilization, 5 Vols, New York: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duesenberry, J.S., J.V. Lintner, and E.S. Mason, 1983, ‘John Henry Williams, 1887– 1980,’ Harvard University Gazette, 78(20) (January): 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fetter, F., 1925, ‘The Economist and the Public,’ American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings, 15 (March): 13–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, I., 1919, ‘Economists in the Public Service,’ American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings, 9 (March): 5–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishlow, A., 1989, ‘Conditionality and Willingness to Pay: Some Parallels from the 1890s,’ in B. Eichengreen and P.H. Lindert (eds), The International Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flanders, M.J., 1989, International Monetary Economics: Between the Classical and the New Classical, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, L., 1945, ‘Testimony on the Bretton Woods Agreements Act,’ The First National Bank of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, R.N., 1980, Sterling–Dollar Diplomacy in Current Perspective, New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, F.D., 1921–22, ‘International Trade under Depreciated Paper: the United States, 1862–79,’ Quarterly Journal of Economics, 26 (February): 220–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, F.D., 1923, ‘The Theory of International Values Re-examined,’ Quarterly Journal of Economics, 27 (November): 54–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, A., 1944, ‘The Views of Alvin Hansen,’ in International Financial Stabilization: a Symposium, New York: Irving Trust Co., pp. 19–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman, A.O., 1945, National Power and the Structure of Trade, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsefield, J.K., 1969, The International Monetary Fund, 1945–1965, 3 Vols, Washington: International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howson, S. and D. Moggridge (eds), 1990, The Wartime Diaries of Lionel Robbins and James Meade, 1943–1945, London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikenberry, G.J., 1992, ‘A World Economy Restored: Expert Consensus and the Anglo-American Post-war Settlement,’ International Organization, 46(1) (Winter): 289–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemmerer, E., 1927, ‘Economic Advisory Work for Governments,’ American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings, 17 (March): 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keynes, J.M., 1980, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes. Vol. XXV. Activities 1940–1944. Shaping the Post-War World: the Clearing Union, ed. D. Moggridge, London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kindleberger, C.P., 1989, ‘How Ideas Spread among Economists: Examples from International Economics,’ in D.C. Colander and A.W. Coats (eds), The Spread of Economic Ideas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–59.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Laidler, D., 2003 [1993], ‘Hawtrey, Harvard and the Origins of the Chicago Tradition,’ Journal of Political Economy, 101 (6) (December): 1068–103; reprinted in Leeson (2003b), vol. 2, pp. 135–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laidler, D. and R. Sandilands, 2003 [2002], ‘An Early Harvard Memorandum on Anti-Depression Policies: an Introductory Note,’ History of Political Economy, 34(3): 515–32; reprinted in Leeson (2003b), vol. 2, pp. 251–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leeson, R., 2003a, ‘From Keynes to Friedman via Mints: Resolving the Dispute over the Quantity Theory Oral Tradition,’ in Leeson (2003b), vol. 2, pp. 483–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leeson, R. (ed.) (2003b), Keynes, Chicago and Friedman, London: Pickering … Chatto, 2 vols.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H.C.K., 2002, ‘The Keynes Plan,’ October, mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meltzer, A., 2003, A History of the Federal Reserve. Vol. 1, 1913–1951, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikesell, R.F., 1945, ‘The Key Currency Proposal,’ Quarterly Journal of Economics, 59(4) (August): 563–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, W.C., 1925, ‘Quantitative Analysis in Economic Theory,’ American Economic Review, 15(1) (March): 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M. and M. Rutherford (eds), 1998, From Interwar Pluralism to Postwar Neoclassicism, Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mundell, R.A., 1961, ‘A Theory of Optimum Currency Areas,’ American Economic Review, 51(4) (September): 657–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mundell, R.A., 1997, ‘Optimum Currency Areas,’ http://www.columbia.edu/∼ram15/eOCATAviv4.html (accessed 23 March 2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Opie, R., 1957, ‘Anglo-American Economic Relations in War-Time,’ Oxford Economic Papers, 9(2) (June): 115–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pressnell, L.S., 1986, External Economic Policy Since the War, Vol. 1: The Post-War Financial Settlement, London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, B.M., 1976, ‘Preparing the American Ascendancy: the Transfer of Economic Power from Britain to the United States, 1933–1944,’ in B.M. Rowland (ed.), Balance of Payments or Hegemony: the Interwar Monetary System, New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruggie, J.G., 1982, ‘International Regimes, Transactions and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order,’ International Organization, 36(2) (Spring): 379–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford, M. (ed.), 1998, The Economic Mind in America: Essays in the History of American Economics, London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shoup, L.H., 1975, ‘The Council of Foreign Relations and United States War Aims during World War II,’ in The Incumbent Sociologist, pp. 9–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skidelsky, R., 2001, John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 3, Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946, New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, H., 1969, The Fiscal Revolution in America, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavlas, G.S., 2003[1997], ‘Chicago, Harvard and the Doctrinal Foundations of Monetary Economics,’ Journal of Political Economy, 105(1) (February): 153–77, reprinted in Leeson (2003b), vol. 2, pp. 173–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dormael, A., 1978, Bretton Woods: Birth of a Monetary System, New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Viner, J., 1924, Canada’s Balance of International Indebtedness, 1900–1913, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, H.D., 1933, The French International Accounts, 1880–1913, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1920a, Argentine International Trade under Inconvertible Paper Money, 1880–1900, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1920b, ‘Germany’s Reparation Payments–Discussion,’ American Economic Review. Papers and Proceedings, Supplement, 10(1) (March): 50–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1928, ‘Opportunities for Research in International Relations–Discussion,’ Social Science Research Council, Hanover Conference, mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1929, ‘The Theory of International Trade Reconsidered,’ Economic Journal, 39(154) (June): 195–209; reprinted in Williams (1949), chapter 2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1931, ‘The Monetary Doctrines of J.M. Keynes,’ Quarterly Journal of Economics, 45(4) (August): 547–87; reprinted in Williams (1953a), chapter 11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1932a, ‘The Crisis of the Gold Standard,’ Foreign Affairs, January; reprinted in Williams (1949), chapter 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1932b, ‘Monetary Stability and the Gold Standard,’ in Q. Wright (ed.), Gold and Monetary Stabilization, Harris Foundation Lectures, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; reprinted in Williams (1949), chapter 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1934, ‘The World’s Monetary Dilemma: Internal versus External Stability,’ Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, XVI(1) (April): 62–8; reprinted in Williams (1949), chapter 18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1936, ‘The Banking Act of 1935,’ American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, March; reprinted in Williams (1949), chapter 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1937, ‘The Adequacy of Existing Currency Mechanisms under Varying Circumstances,’ American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 27(1) (March): 151–68; reprinted, under a different title, in Williams (1949), chapter 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1943, ‘Currency Stabilization: the Keynes and White Plans,’ Foreign Affairs, July; reprinted in Williams (1949), chapter 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1944a, ‘The Post-war Monetary Plans,’ American Economic Review, Supplement, Papers and Proceedings, 34(1) (March): 372–84; reprinted in Williams (1949), chapter 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1944b, ‘After Bretton Woods,’ Foreign Affairs, October; reprinted in Williams (1949), chapter 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1945, ‘Free Enterprise and Full Employment,’ in Financing American Prosperity. A Symposium by Six Economists, New York: Twentieth Century Fund; reprinted in Williams (1953a), chapter 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1948, ‘An Appraisal of Keynesian Economics,’ American Economic Review, Supplement, Papers and Proceedings, 38 (May): 273–98; reprinted in Williams (1949), chapter 1 and Williams (1953a), chapter 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1949, Postwar Monetary Plans and Other Essays, Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1951, ‘International Trade Theory and Policy. Some Current Issues,’ American Economic Review, Supplement, 41 (May); reprinted in Williams (1953a), chapter 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1952a, ‘An Economist’s Confessions,’ American Economic Review, 42(1) (March): 1–23; reprinted in Williams (1953a), chapter 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1952b, ‘End of the Marshall Plan,’ Foreign Affairs, July; reprinted in Williams (1953a), chapter 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1953a, Economic Stability in a Changing World, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J.H., 1953b, Trade not Aid: a Program for World Stability, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2009 Pier Francesco Asso and Luca Fiorito

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Asso, P.F., Fiorito, L. (2009). A Scholar in Action in Interwar America: John H. Williams on Trade Theory and Bretton Woods. In: Leeson, R. (eds) American Power and Policy. Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230246140_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics