Abstract
In parallel with the developments outlined in the foregoing chapter, there was a palpable transformation occurring in the sphere of mass communication, a process that the government might well have liked to consider it was able to control, as it seemed capable of doing so in most other areas of conduct. However, this dimension of Japan’s post-Restoration cultural development was to prove more complex an issue to engage with. Ironically, the push to encourage the emergence of broadly disseminated daily newspapers and journals was very much initiated by the government itself; newspapers were a distinctive accoutrement of Western societies and had clear benefits from the point of view of—potentially at least—developing an avenue for government-coordinated programs of mass education, civilian regulation and propaganda. In practice, however, this was not easy to achieve.
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Notes
Sasaki Takashi, Media to Kenryoku, Chuo Koronsha, 1999, pp. 27–39.
Fukuzawa Yukichi, “Shimbunshi” in Matsumoto Sannosuke and Yamamuro Shinichi (eds), Genron to Media, Iwanami Shoten, 1990, pp. 3–4.
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Ishii Kendō, Meiji Jibutsu Jigen, Kyonando, 1908.
Yamashita Shigekazu, Supensaa to Nihon Kindai, Ochanomizu Shobo, 1983, p. 19. In this connection, we might note a special expanded edition of Taiyō produced by the Hakubunkan in 1909 (Meiji Shi Dai Nana Hen, Taiyō, vol. 15, no. 3), where Fukuzawa is discussed in remarkably no-nonsense terms as an arch-pragmatist; an intellectual vulgarian of sorts who nonetheless was a necessary creature of the times (!).
A. Swale, “America: The First Stage in the Quest for Enlightenment” in I. Nish, The Iwakura Mission in America and Europe: A New Assessment, Japan Library, 1998, pp. 14–17.
Takahashi Masao, Nishimura Shigeki, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1987, pp. 9–11.
William Braisted, Meiroku Zasshi: Journal of the Japanese Enlightenment (hereafter MZ when quoting the essays of Meirokusha members), University of Tokyo Press, 1976, pp. xvii–xxxiii;
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See Koizumi Takashi, Nishi Amane to Ōbei Shisō to no Deai, Sanrei Shobo, 1989, pp. 65–99.
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also see Okubo Toshiaki (ed.), Tsuda Mamichi; Kenkyū to Denki, Misuzu Shobo, 1997: re Tsuda’s materialism, pp. 88–94; re Tsuda and Spencerianism, pp. 95–101.
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See Hayashi Takeji, Mori Arinori: Higeki he no Josō, Chikuma Shobo, 1986, pp. 75–83.
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Kanda Kōhei, “Reform of the National Finances”, Issue Eighteen, September 1874, MZ, pp. 213–8.
Kanda Kōhei, “The Time for a Popularly Elected Assembly is Not Yet”, Issue Nineteen, October 1874, MZ, pp. 240–1.
Kanda Kōhei, “Misgivings on the Outcome of Paper Currency: The Third of Four Essays on Currency”, Issue Twenty-six, January 1875, MZ, pp. 327–9.
Kanda Kōhei, “Notes on Curing the Currency Disease”, Issue Thirty-three, March 1875, MZ, pp. 408–11.
Sakatani Shiroshi, “Should We Not First Determine the Political Structure Before Introducing a Popularly Elected Assembly?”, Issue Thirteen, June 1874, MZ, pp. 169–75.
Sakatani Shiroshi, “On Concubines”, Issue Thirty-two, March 1875, MZ, pp. 392–9 and “Descending from heaven”, Issue Thirty-six, May 1875, MZ, pp. 439–42.
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Fukuzawa Yukichi, “The Equal Numbers of Men and Women”, Issue Thirtyone, March 1875, MZ, pp. 385–6.
Ōkubo Toshiaki, Meiji no Shisō to Bunka, Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 1988, p. 181.
Mitsukuri Shūhei, “On Education”, Issue Eight, May 1874, MZ, pp. 106–8.
Anzai Toshimitsu, Fukuzawa Yukichi to Seiyō Shisō, Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai, 1995, pp. 159–93.
Okitsu Kaname, Meiji Shimbun hajime: “Bunmei Kaika” no Janarizumu, Daishukan Shoten, 1997, pp. 107–39.
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© 2009 Alistair D. Swale
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Swale, A.D. (2009). Mass Media and the Development of Civil Culture. In: The Meiji Restoration. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230245792_4
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