Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

US and EU Strategies to Promote Democracy in Indonesia

  • Chapter
Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law

Part of the book series: Governance and Limited Statehood Series ((GLS))

Abstract

Indonesia is a democratic success story. Since 1957, the world’s fourth most populous country and largest Muslim state, a major regional power and leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, had been subject to autocratic rule. Indonesia had experimented with a unique duifungsi (dualpower) political system from the mid-1960s onward, in which power was jointly held between the military and an unelected civilian strongman with a handpicked parliament (Bhakti 2003). Despite authoritarianism and increasing corruption, the regime gained legitimacy in the West from its anti-Communist credentials, and at home from its economic performance, which transformed an impoverished nation into one of the renowned Asian Tigers of the 1990s.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

Books, Articles

  • The Asia Foundation (2001) “Executive Summary,” Second Semi-Annual report Institutional Development and Advocacy for Legal Reform in Indonesia (Grant No. 497-G-00-00-00058-00) March 2001–August 2001: 2–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrigan, F. (2001) “Indonesia at the Crossroads: US Weapons Sales and Military Training.” World Policy Institute Special Report. New York: Arms Trade Resource Center.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhakti, I. (2003) “The Transition to Democracy in Indonesia: Some Outstanding Problems” in J. Rolfe (ed.) The Asia-Pacific: A Region in Transition. Honolulu: HI: The Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies: 196–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, G. (2003) “Partnership or Power? Deconstructing the Partnership for Governance Reform in Indonesia.” Third World Quarterly, 24(1): 139–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, L. and M. F. Plattner (eds) (2001) “Introduction.” The Global Divergence of Democracies. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press: 18.

    Google Scholar 

  • DuRette, J. and G. Slocum (2001) “The Role Of Transition Assistance: The Case Of Indonesia.” Working Paper No. 323. Washington: USAID Center for Development Information and Evaluation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelling, P. (2007) “New Report Sheds Light on 2002 Papua Shooting,” International Herald Tribune, April 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadiz, V. R. (2003) “Reorganizing Political Power in Indonesia: a Reconsideration of So-Called ‘Democratic Transitions’.” The Pacific Review, 16 (4): 591–611.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haseman, J. B. and E. Lachica (2005) “Towards a Stronger US-Indonesian Security Relationship.” Washington DC: United States-Indonesia Society: 16, 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, B. A. (2004) “Empowering the Presidency: Interests and Perceptions in Indonesia’s Constitutional Reforms, 1999–2002,” Unpublished dissertation, Ohio State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liddle, W. R. (2001) “Indonesia in 2000: A Shaky Start for Democracy.” Asian Survey 41(1): 208–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linz, J. and A. Stepan (1996) Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallarangeng, A. and P. V. Tuijl (2004) “Breaking New Ground or Dressing-Up in the Emperor’s New Clothes? A Response to a Critical Review.” Third World Quarterly, 25(5): 919–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pomper, M. A. (2000) “Battle Lines Keep Shifting Over Foreign Military Training,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly, January 29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanger, D. E. (1995) “Real Politics: Why Suharto Is In and Castro Is Out,” The New York Times, October 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinberg, D. I. and C. P. F. Luhulima (1994) “On Democracy: Strengthening Legislative, Legal, Press Institutions, and Polling in Indonesia,” The Asia

    Google Scholar 

  • Foundation Final Evaluation. Washington, DC: USAID: 5, 9, 11, 12, 34, 38, 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webber, D. (2006), “A Consolidated Patrimonial Democracy? Democratization in Post-Suharto Indonesia,” Democratization, 13(3), 396–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner, T. (1998) “Unrest in Indonesia: The Opposition; US Has Spent $26 Million Since ′95 on Suharto Opponents,” The New York Times, May 20

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenseslau, M., Sunudyantoro, and W. R. Mogul (2005) “Argument on Capitol Hill,” Tempo, 5, March 8–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiranto (2003) “Witness to the Storm.” Jakarta: Delta Pustaka Express Official documents

    Google Scholar 

  • Council of the European Union (2000) General Affairs: Conclusions of the 2249th Council Meeting.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenseslau, M., Sunudyantoro, and W. R. Mogul (2001) Indonesia: Council Conclusion, General Affairs and External Relations Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenseslau, M., Sunudyantoro, and W. R. Mogul (2003) Indonesia: Council Conclusion, General Affairs and External Relations Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (1994) Towards a New Asia Strategy, Communication from the Commission to the Council, COM(1994), 314: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenseslau, M., Sunudyantoro, and W. R. Mogul (2000) Developing Closer Relations Between Indonesia and the European Union, COM(2000) 50-C5-0288/2000-2000/2152 COS: 1, 10–12, 15, 18, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenseslau, M., Sunudyantoro, and W. R. Mogul (2005) National Indicative Program for Indonesia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenseslau, M., Sunudyantoro, and W. R. Mogul Indonesia Country Strategy Paper, 2002–2006: 20, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wenseslau, M., Sunudyantoro, and W. R. Mogul National Indicative Program 2005–2006 Indonesia: 26, 40.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament (2000) Resolution on the Communication from the Commission to the Council and to the European Parliament on Developing Closer Relations between Indonesia and the European Union, 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Indonesian Law No. 34/2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramage, D. (2005) “ Indonesia in Transition: Recent Developments and Implication s for US Policy,” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific, House Committee on International Relations, 109th Congress, First Session, March 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Agency for International Development (1996) R4 Indonesia: 36.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Congress (FY 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996) Foreign Operations Appropriations Acts.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Congress House Committee on International Relations (2005) “Indonesia in Transition: Recent Developments and Implications for US Policy,” Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific, 109th Congress, First Session, March 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of State (2005) “Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2000 to 2004.” Washington DC: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor: 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States House Concurrent Resolution (1991) “Condemning the Massacre of East Timorese Civilians by the Indonesian Military,” November 14.

    Google Scholar 

Internet resources

  • BBC News (2000). EU Lifts Arms Embargo on Indonesia, January 17. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/607230.stm, date accessed June 20, 2008.

  • Human Rights Watch (2002) Justice Denied for East Timor, Backgrounder, December 20. Available at www.hrw.org/backgrounder/asia/timor/etimor1202bg.htm, date accessed July 14, 2008.

  • Library of Congress (2007) Indonesia: Area Handbook Series Glossary, Available from: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/indonesia/ id_glos.html, date accessed June 5, 2008.

  • National Endowment for Democracy (2008) Variety of Actors, Programs, Supports Change in Indonesia. Available from: www.ned.org/About/multisectoral.html, date accessed July 13, 2008.

  • Patra, A. and M. Zen (2002) Indonesian Legal Aid Foundation: Struggling for Democracy and Its Own Stability. Available from: www.hurights.or.jp/asia-pacific/no_38/02.htm, date accessed July 3, 2008.

Authors interviews

  • (All interviews took place in Jakarta, Indonesia, July 2005. Because some Indonesians use only one name, at times only one name is provided.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim Assegaf, Executive Director of Hukom Online.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bivinty, Executive Director of PSHK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Professor Gumilar, Dean of Social Science and Political Faculty at University of Indonesia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zacky Husein, former Rule of Law Program Officer with the Asia Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketut Yuli Kartika Inggas, European Commission Delegation to Indonesia, Program Officer in charge of EIDHR grant program.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gartini Isa, USAID Officer, Democracy and Governance.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cliff Keeling, ICITAP instructor, Jakarta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agung Laksono, Speaker of the House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agus Loekman, local Asia Foundation program officer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elmar Lubis, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of EU Relations.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tudang Mulya Lubis one of the founders of the Indonesian Legal Aid Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronan MacAongusa, First Secretary at European Commission Delegation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novianty Manurung, EU Governance Officer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbin Marular, ICITAP Program Developer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novianty interview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebastiaan Pompe, IMF Resident Legal Adviser, Indonesia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcellus Rantatena, Partnership for Governance Reform.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santiago, ICITAP Program Developer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laksamana Sukardi, former Minister of State Owned Enterprise, in charge of privatization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akbar Tadjung, former Speaker of the House.

    Google Scholar 

  • General Wiranto, former Defense Minister of Indonesia.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Truman National Security Project, USA

    Rachel Kleinfeld (Executive Director)

Authors
  1. Rachel Kleinfeld
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Shalem Center, Jerusalem, Israel

    Amichai Magen (Managing Director of Academic Programs and Associate Fellow, Visiting Fellow) (Managing Director of Academic Programs and Associate Fellow, Visiting Fellow)

  2. Hoover Institution, Stanford University, USA

    Amichai Magen (Managing Director of Academic Programs and Associate Fellow, Visiting Fellow) (Managing Director of Academic Programs and Associate Fellow, Visiting Fellow)

  3. Freie Universität Berlin, Germany

    Thomas Risse (Professor of International Politics) (Professor of International Politics)

  4. Stanford University, USA

    Michael A. McFaul (Professor of Political Science) (Professor of Political Science)

Copyright information

© 2009 Rachel Kleinfeld

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kleinfeld, R. (2009). US and EU Strategies to Promote Democracy in Indonesia. In: Magen, A., Risse, T., McFaul, M.A. (eds) Promoting Democracy and the Rule of Law. Governance and Limited Statehood Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244528_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation