Abstract
We have all grown accustomed to familiar representations of the international and its conflicts. Wars, famines and diplomatic summits are shown to us in their usual guise: as short-lived media events that blend information and entertainment. The numbing regularity with which these images and sound-bites are communicated to great masses soon erases their highly arbitrary nature. We gradually forget that we have become so accustomed to these politically charged and distorting metaphors that we accept them as real.
The fact that through the work of art a truth is experienced that we cannot attain in any other way constitutes the philosophic importance of art, which asserts itself against all attempts to rationalise it away.
Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method1
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Notes
Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, second revised version, trans. J. Weinsheimer and D.G. Marshall (New York: Continuum, 1999), p. xxiii.
Gary King, Robert O. Keohane and Syndey Verba, Designing Social Inquiry: Scientific Interference in Qualitative Research (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 6.
Nathan Beck, Gary King and Langche Zeng, ‘Improving Quantitative Studies of International Conflict’, American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 1, 2000, p. 21.
See Matthew Potolksy, Mimesis (New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 1–11.
See Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, Dialektik der Auflkärung (Frankfurt: Fisher Taschenbuch, 1991/1944);
Martin Heidegger, ‘Die Frage nach der Technik’, in Vorträge und Aufsätze (Pfullingen: Günter Neske, 1954), translated as ‘The Question Concerning Technology’, in Basic Writings, 2nd edn, ed. and trans. D. F. Krell (New York: HarperCollins, 1993/1977). Following Martin Heidegger, I refer to technological reason not as something technological per se, but as the most influential modern mode of revealing — one that frames thought and knowledge around the dominant influence of a few select faculties.
Jacques Derrida, ‘La structure, le signe et le jeu dans le discours des sciences humaines’, in L’Écriture et la Différence (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1967), p. 427.
J. David Singer, ‘The Incomplete Theorist: Insight Without Evidence’, in J. N. Rosenau and K. Knorr (eds), Contending Approaches to International Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), p. 68.
While a summary of the various ‘great’ debates in international relations is misplaced here, it is important to note, as Brian Schmidt has done convincingly, that the ensuing foundation myths say far more about retrospective political attempts to construct a coherent academic discipline than about the actual debates that took place. See Brian C. Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: a Disciplinary History of International Relations (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998)
For two critical surveys of international relations theories see Scott Burchill et al., Theories of International Relations (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996)
And Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki and Steve Smith (eds), International Relations Theory: Discipline and Diversity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). For Schmidt’s restatement in view of the latter book see ‘International Relations Theory: Hegemony or Pluralism?’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2, April 2008, pp. 105–14.
Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought from Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986), p. 1.
For an excellent discussion of how this search for essences has characterised modern debates in general see William E. Connolly, Political Theory and Modernity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993/1988).
Hayden White, The Content of the Form: Narrative Discourse and Historical Representation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), p. 21.
F. R. Ankersmit, Aesthetic Politics: Political Philosophy Beyond Fact and Value (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), pp. 39, 44, 47.
Israel Rosenfield and Edward Ziff, ‘How the Mind Works: Revelations’, New York Review of Books, 26 June 2008, p. 64;
reviewing, in particular, Jean-Pierre Changeux, The Physiology of Truth: Neuroscience and Knowledge, trans. M. B. DeBevoise (Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
Elaine Scarry, Resisting Representation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), p. 3.
Ferdinand de Saussure, Cours de linguistique général (Paris: Payot, 1987).
See Gadamer, Truth and Method, p. 36;and Henry E. Allison, Kant’s Theory of Taste: a Reading of the Critique of Aesthetic Judgement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 1–9. To be more precise: for Kant, the social dimensions of a judgement of taste are located not in the respective sensation of pleasure or displeasure, which is a purely internal and empirical perception, but in attempts to imbue ensuing judgements with universal validity.
See Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Judgement, trans. J. C. Meredith (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957), pp. 145–6.
Immanuel Kant, Kritik der Reinen Vernunft (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1996), pp. 28–9.
Michael J. Shapiro, Cinematic Political Thought: Narrating Race, Nation and Gender (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), p. 2.
Gilles Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, trans. P. Patton (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), p. 133.
See Paul Patton, Deleuze and the Political (London: Routledge, 2000), p. 19;
And Daniel W. Smith, ‘Deleuze’s Theory of Sensation: Overcoming the Kantian Duality’, in P. Patton (ed.), Deleuze: a Critical Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), pp. 29–56.
Martin Jay, ‘In the Empire of the Gaze: Foucault and the Denigration of Vision in Twentieth-Century French Thought’, in D. C. Hoy (ed.), The Foucault Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), p. 185.
Michel Foucault, This is Not a Pipe, trans. J. Harkness (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 19–20.
See also Zygmunt Bauman, Modernity and Ambivalence (Oxford: Polity, 1991).
E. H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis, 1919–1939 (London: Macmillan, 1946);
Hans Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1948/1973);
K. N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979).
For a general discussion on this issue see Dominic Lopes, Understanding Pictures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), esp. pp. 16–36.
See Gordon Graham, Philosophy of the Arts: an Introduction to Aesthetics (London: Routledge, 1997), pp. 87–8.
Theodor W. Adorno, Aesthetic Theory, trans. and ed. R. Hullot-Kentor (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), p. 21;
J. M. Bernstein, The Fate of Art: Aesthetic Judgement from Kant to Derrida and Adorno (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), pp. 201–2.
For other attempts to explore the mimetic as a strategy of dissent see Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex (New York: Routledge, 1993);
Luce Irigaray, Ce sexe qui n’est pas un (Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 1977), pp. 65–82;
Necati Polat, ‘Poststructruralism, Absence, Mimesis: Making Difference, Reproducing Sovereignty’, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1998, pp. 447–77;
James Der Derian, Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial-Media-Entertainment Network (London: Routledge, 2009);
Davide Panagia, The Poetics of Political Thinking (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006);
Morton Schoolman, ‘The Next Enlightenment: Aesthetic Reason in Modern Art and Mass Culture’, Journal for Cultural Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, January 2005, pp. 43–67.
Anni Kangas, ‘The Knight, the Beast and the Treasure: a Semiotic Inquiry into the Finnish Political Imaginary on Russia, 1918–1930’, PhD thesis (Tampere: University of Tampere, 2007), pp. 12, 15–18.
Peter Bürger, Theory of the Avant-Garde, trans. M. Shaw (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), p. 61.
Milan Kundera, The Art of the Novel, trans. Linda Asher (New York: Perennial Classic, 2000), p. 134.
For an accessible historical and conceptual overview of the concept of irony see Claire Colebrook, Irony (London: Routledge, 2004).
Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 73–6.
Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), esp. pp. 60–4.
Christine Sylvester, ‘Art, Abstraction and International Relations’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2001, p. 544.
See Eva Cockcroft, ‘Abstract Expressionism, Weapon of the Cold War’, in F. Frascina (ed.), Pollock and After: the Critical Debate (London: Paul Chapman, 1985), pp. 125–33;
And Christine Sylvester, ‘Picturing the Cold War: an Art Graft/Eye Graft’, Alternatives, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1996, pp. 393–418.
Steve Smith, ‘Positivism and Beyond’, in S. Smith, K. Booth and M. Zalewski (eds), International Theory: Positivism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 13.
Gadamer, Truth and Method, pp. xxii–xxiii. See also Hans-Georg Gadamer, The Relevance of the Beautiful and Other Essays, trans. N. Walker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
For excellent discussions on the topic see Jay Bernstein, ‘The Death of Sensuous Particulars: Adorno and Abstract Expressionism’, Radical Philosophy, Vol. 76, March/April 1996, pp. 7–18;
And Prem Kumar Rajaram, ‘Theodor Adorno’s Aesthetic Understanding: an Ethical Method for IR?’, Alternatives, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2002.
Josef Lapid, ‘The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3, 1989, pp. 235–54.
For instance, Øyvind Østerud, ‘Antinomies of Postmodernism in International Studies’, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 33, No. 4, November 1996, p. 386.
Robert O. Keohane, ‘International Relations Theory: Contributions of a Feminist Standpoint’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1989, p. 89.
See also Fred Halliday, Rethinking International Relations (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1994), p. 39;
And Robert G. Gilpin, ‘The Richness of the Tradition of Political Realism’, in Robert O. Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), p. 303.
Richard Devetak, ‘Postmodernism’, in S. Burchill and A. Linklater (eds), Theories of International Relations (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), pp. 179–209;
David Campbell, ‘Poststructuralism’, in Tim Dunne, Milya Kurki and Steve Smith (eds), International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007);
Anthony Burke, ‘Postmodernism’, in Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal (eds), The Oxford Handbook of International Relations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008);
Jenny Edkins, ‘Poststructuralism’, in Martin Griffith (ed.), International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century (London: Routledge, 2007).
For some of the classical early texts on postmodern international relations, see James Der Derian, On Diplomacy: a Genealogy of Western Estrangement (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987);
Jean Bethke Elshtain, Women and War (New York: Basic Books, 1987);
R. B. J. Walker, One World, Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1988);
J. Der Derian and M. J. Shapiro, International/Intertextual Relations: Postmodern Readings of World Politics (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989);
Richard K. Ashley and R. B. J. Walker, Speaking the Language of Exile: Dissidence in International Studies, special issue of International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1990;
David Campbell, Writing Security: US Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998);
Cynthia Weber, Simulating Sovereignty: Intervention, the State and Symbolic Exchange (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
See, for instance, Michael J. Shapiro, Language and Political Understanding: the Politics of Discursive Practices (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981);
Jim George and David Campbell, ‘Patterns of Dissent and the Celebration of Difference: Critical Social Theory and International Relations’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1990, pp. 269–93.
See, for instance, Richard Ashley, ‘The Poverty of Neorealism’, International Organization, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 225–86; Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: a Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994), pp. 41–68; Smith, ‘Positivism and Beyond’, pp. 11–44.
Alexander Wendt, ‘Anarchy is What States Make of It: the Social Construction of Power Politics’, International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2, Spring 1992, p. 393;
Alexander Wendt, ‘Constructing International Politics’, International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1, summer 1995, pp. 71–2.
John Gerard Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalisation (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 33.
See also Emmanuel Adler, ‘Seizing the Middle Ground: Constructivism in World Politics’, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1997;
Richard Price and Christian Reus-Smit, ‘Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Theory and Constructivism’, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1998, p. 266; Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, p. 1.
Nicholas Onuf, ‘A Constructivist Manifesto’, in Kurt Burch and Robert A. Denemark (eds), Constituting International Political Economy (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997), p. 8;Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, p. 47.
For instance, Steve Smith, ‘Wendt’s World’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2000, pp. 151–63.
Roxanne Lynne Doty, ‘Desire All the Way Down’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2000, p. 137.
For another critical engagement with constructivism see Cynthia Weber, ‘IR: the Resurrection of New Frontiers of Incorporation’, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1999, p. 436.
See also Cynthia Weber, International Relations Theory: a Critical Introduction (London: Routledge, 2005);
Maja Zehfuss, Constructivism and International Relations: the Politics of Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
David Campbell, ‘Political Prosaics, Transversal Politics, and the Anarchical World’, in Michael J. Shapiro and Hayward R. Alker (eds), Challenging Boundaries: Global Flows, Territorial Identities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), p. 12.
Jefferey T. Checkel, ‘The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory’, World Politics, Vol. 50, No. 2, 1998, p. 347.
For instance, Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (London: Pandora, 1989), p. xi.
For a similar and similarly successful strategy see Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in US-Korea Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
Michael Ignatieff, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2000), p. 6.
Michael Ignatieff, The Warrior’s Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience (London: Random House, 1998), p. 26.
Daniel C. Hallin, ‘Sound Bite News: Television Coverage of Elections’, Journal of Communication, Vol. 42, No. 2, 1992, pp. 5–24;
And K. Adatto, ‘The Incredible Shrinking of the Sound Bite’, New Republic, No. 202, 1990, pp. 20–5.
See Luc Boltanski, Distant Suffering: Morality, Media and Politics, trans. G. Burchell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Gerard Holden, ‘World Literature and World Politics: In Search of a Research Agenda’, Global Society, Vol. 17, No. 3, 2003, pp. 229–52;and ‘Different in Different Places: On the Intellectual History of Aesthetic IR’, paper presented at the BISA-DVPW British-German IR conference, 16–18 May 2008, Arnoldshain.
Martin Wight, International Theory: the Three Traditions (New York: Holmes & Meier for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1992), p. 258.
Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State and War: a Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1965).
Hans Morgenthau, Scientific Man vs. Power Politics (London: Phoenix Books, 1965; first published Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946), p. 10.
Ekkehart Krippendorff, Die Kunst, nicht regiert zu werden: Ethische Politik von Sokrates bis Mozart (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1999).
Richard Ned Lebow, The Tragic Vision of Politics: Ethics, Interests and Orders (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003);
Mervyn Frost, ‘Tragedy, Ethics and International Relations’, International Relations, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2003;
Nicholas Rengger, ‘Tragedy or Scepticism? Defending the Anti-Pelagian Mind in World Politics’, International Relations, Vol. 19, No. 3, 2005;
Chris Brown, ‘Tragedy, “Tragic Choices” and Contemporary International Political Theory’, International Relations, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2007;
J. Peter Euben, ‘The Tragedy of Tragedy’, International Relations, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2007;
Richard Beardsworth, ‘Tragedy, World Politics and Ethical Community’, International Relations, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2008;
Mervyn Frost, ‘Tragedy, Reconciliation and Reconstruction’, European Journal of Social Theory, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2008.
See also Ian Buruma, ‘The Circus of Max Beckmann’, New York Review of Books, 19 December 2002.
Anthony Burke, ‘Poetry Outside Security’, Alternatives, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2000;
Anthony Burke, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence: War against the Other (London: Routledge, 2007);
Costas Constantinou, ‘Poetics of Security’, Alternatives, Vol. 25, No. 3, 2000;
Nevzat Soguk, ‘Splinters of Hegemony: Ontopoetical Visions in International Relations’, Alternatives, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2006, pp. 377–404;
Anna M. Agathangelou and L. H. M. Ling, ‘Power and Play through Poisies: Reconstructing Self and Other in the 9/11 Commission Report’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2005, pp. 827–53 and ‘The House of IR: From Family Power Politics to the Poisies of Worldism’, International Studies Review, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 725–39;
Louiza Odysseos, ‘Laughing Matters: Peace, Democracy and the Challenge of the Comic Narrative’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2001, pp. 709–32;
Marysia Zalewski, ‘Gender Ghosts in McGarry and O’Leary and Representations of the Conflict in Northern Ireland’, Political Studies, Vol. 53, No. 1, March 2005, pp. 201–21.
Christopher Coker, War and the 20th Century: a Study of War and Modern Consciousness (London and Washington, DC: Brassey’s, 1994); War and the Illiberal Conscience (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998);
James Der Derian, Anti-Diplomacy: Spies, Terror, Speed, and War (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992);
James Der Derian, ‘A Reinterpretation of Realism: Genealogy, Semiology, Dromology’, in Der Derian (ed.), International Theory: Critical Investigations (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1995);
James Der Derian, ‘Spy versus Spy: the Intertextual Power of International Intrigue’, in Der Derian and Shapiro, International/Intertextual Relations, pp. 163–87; Richard Devetak, ‘After the Event: Don DeLillo’s White Noise and September 11 Narratives’, forthcoming in Review of International Studies; Cerwyn Moore, ‘Reading the Hermeneutics of Violence: the Literary Turn and Chechnya’, Global Society, Vol. 20, No. 2, April 2006, pp. 179–81;
Girma Negash, ‘Art Invoked: a Mode of Understanding and Shaping the Political’, International Political Science Review, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2004, pp. 185–201;
Ian Hall, ‘A “Shallow Piece of Naughtiness”: George Orwell on Political Realism’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 36, No. 2, 2008, pp. 1–25;
A. Morgan, ‘The Poisonwood Bible: an Antidote for What Ails International Relations?’, International Political Science Review, Vol. 27, No. 4, October 2006, pp. 379–403.
On the related importance of narrative see Lisa Disch, ‘Impartiality, Storytelling, and the Seductions of Narrative: an Essay on Impasse’, Alternatives, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2003, pp. 253–66;
Hidemi Suganami, On the Causes of War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), ‘Narrative Explanation and International Relations: Back to Basics’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2008), pp. 327–56, and ‘Western(?) Stories of War Origins’, in Stephen Chan, Peter Mandaville and Roland Bleiker (eds), The Zen of International Relations: IR Theory from East to West (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001), pp. 17–36;
Roxanne Lynn Doty, ‘Maladies of Our Souls: Identity and Voice in the Writing of Academic International Relations’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 17, No. 2, July 2004, pp. 377–92;
Stephen Chan, ‘A Story Beyond Telos: Redeeming the Shield of Achilles for a Realism of Rights in IR’, in Chan, Mandaville and Bleiker (eds), The Zen of International Relations, pp. 79–128;CostasM. Constantinou, ‘Hippopolis/Cynopolis’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2001, pp. 785–804;
Costas Constantinou, On the Way to Diplomacy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996);
Michael Shapiro, Reading the Postmodern Polity: Political Theory as Textual Practice (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992);
Maja Zehfuss, Wounds of Memory: the Politics of War in Germany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Debbie Lisle, The Global Politics of Contemporary Travel Writing (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Ibid., p. 1. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).
Philip Darby, The Fiction of Imperialism: Reading Between International Relations and Postcolonialism (London: Cassell, 1998), p. 20.
For a discussion see Colleen M. Tremonte and Linda Racioppi, ‘Postcolonial Literary Studies Meets International Relations’, Pedagogy: Critical Approaches to Teaching Literature, Language, Composition, and Culture, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008.
See also Roxanne L. Euben, Journeys to the Other Shore: Muslim and Western Travelers in Search of Knowledge (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).
Kim Huynh, Where the Sea Takes Us: a Vietnamese-Australian Story (Sydney: HarperCollins, 2007).
Darby, The Fiction of Imperialism, p. 216. See also Philip Darby (ed.), Postcolonizing the International: Working to Change the Way We Are (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2006).
See W. J. T. Mitchell, Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994) and What Do Pictures Want? The Lives and Loves of Images (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
David Campbell, ‘Geopolitics and Visuality: Sighting the Darfur Conflict’, Political Geography, Vol. 26, 2007, p. 358.
Timothy W. Luke, Museum Politics: Power Plays at the Exhibition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002) and Shows of Force: Power, Politics and Ideology in Art Exhibitions (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992).
See also Debbie Lisle, ‘Sublime Lessons: Education and Ambivalence in War Exhibitions’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2006, pp. 841–62.
Vivienne Jabri, ‘The Self in Woman as Subject of Art and Politics: Reflections on Tracey Emin’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 4, No. 1, April 2002, pp. 122–8 and ‘Shock and Awe: Power and the Resistance of Art’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2006, pp. 819–39;
Sylvester, ‘Picturing the Cold War; Debbie Lisle, ‘Benevolent Patriotism: Art, Dissent and the American Effect’, Security Dialogue, Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2007, pp. 233–50;
Oliver P. Richmond, ‘Dadaism and the Peace Differend’, Alternatives, Vol. 32, No. 4, December 2007, pp. 445–72;
Anca Pusca, ‘The Aesthetics of Change: Exploring Post-Communist Spaces’, Global Society, Vol. 22, No. 3, July 2008, pp. 369–86;
Violaine Roussel, ‘Occupational Logics and Political Commitment: American Artists Against the Iraq War’, International Political Sociology, Vol. 1, No. 4, 2007, pp. 373–90;
Steve Smith, ‘Singing our World into Existence: International Relations Theory and September 11’, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2004, pp. 499–515;
Alex Danchev, ‘The Strategy of Still Life, or, The Politics of Georges Braque’, Alternatives, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2006, pp. 1–26.
See also Danchev’s much aclaimed biography of Braque — which, however, is more of an art historical biography than a book on politics: Alex Danchev, Georges Braque: a Life (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2005).
Michael J. Shapiro, Cinematic Political Thought and Cinematic Geopolitics (London: Routledge, 2008);
Cynthia Weber, International Relations Theory and Imagining America at War: Morality, Politics, and Film (London: Routledge, 2006).
For a discussion see also Gerard Holden, ‘Cinematic IR, the Sublime and the Indistinctness of Art’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2006, pp. 793–818;
Andreas Behnke and Benjamin de Carvalho, ‘Shooting War: International Relations and the Cinematic Representation of Warfare’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3, 2006, pp. 935–62;
Mark J. Lacy, ‘Cinema and Ecopolitics: Existence in the Jurassic Park’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2001, pp. 635–45.
See, for instance, Michael J. Shapiro, ‘Slow Looking: the Ethics and Politics of Aesthetics’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2008, pp. 181–97;
Jenny Edkins, ‘Exposed Singularity’, Journal for Cultural Research, Vol. 9, No. 4, October 2005, pp. 359–86;
James Johnson, ‘The Arithmetic of Compassion: Rethinking the Politics of Photography’, manuscript, 2008.
David Campbell, ‘Salgado and the Sahel: Documentary Photography and the Imaging of Famine’, in François Debrix and Cynthia Weber (eds), Rituals of Mediation: International Politics and Social Meaning (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003);’Cultural Governance and Pictorial Resistance: Reflections on the Imaging of War’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 29, 2003, pp. 57–73;’Horrific Blindness: Images of Death in Contemporary Media’, Journal of Cultural Research, Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2004, pp. 55–74;’Geopolitics and Visuality’, pp. 357–82.
Emma Hutchison, ‘Trauma, Emotion and the Construction of Community in World Politics’, PhD Dissertation, The University of Queensland, 2008;’The Politics of Post Trauma Emotions: Securing Community After the Bali Bombing’, Working Paper 2008/4, Department of International Relations, RSPAS, The Australian National University, December 2008.
Liam Kennedy, ‘Securing Vision: Photography and US Foreign Policy’, Media, Culture & Society, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2008, pp. 279–94; and ‘Visual Blowback: Soldier Photography and the War in Iraq’, forthcoming in Review of International Studies.
Frank Möller, ‘Looking/Not Looking’, forthcoming in Review of International Studies. For examples of the countless publications on Abu Ghraib see Simon Philpot, ‘A Controversy of Faces: Images from Bali and Abu Ghraib’, Journal for Cultural Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2005, pp. 227–44;
Carsten Bagge Laustsen, ‘The Camera as a Weapon: On Abu Ghraib and Related Matters’, Journal for Cultural Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 2008.
Friedrich Nietzsche, ‘Richard Wagner in Bayreuth’, in Unzeitgemässe Betrachtungen (Frankfurt: Insel Taschenbuch, 1981), pp. 280–361.
Dieter Senghaas, Klänge des Friedens: Ein Hörbericht (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 2001).
M. I. Franklin (ed.), Resounding International Relations: On Music, Politics and Culture (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
See also K. C. Dunn, ‘Never Mind the Bollocks: the Punk Rock Politics of Global Communication’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 34, January 2008, pp. 193–210.
Jutta Weldes (ed.), To Seek Out New Worlds: Science Fiction and World Politics (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) and ‘Going Cultural: Star Trek, State Action, and Popular Culture’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1999;
Daniel H. Nexon and Iver B. Neumann (eds), Harry Potter and International Relations (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006);
William A. Callahan, Cultural Governance and Resistance in Pacific Asia (London: Routledge, 2006)
See also B. J. Muller ‘Securing the Political Imagination: Popular Culture, the Security Dispositif and the Biometric State’, Security Dialogue, Vol. 39, No. 2–3, April 2008, pp. 199–220;
Abigail E. Ruane and Patrick James, ‘The International Relations of Middle-Earth: Learning from The Lord of the Rings’, International Studies Perspectives, Vol. 9, No. 4, November 2008, pp. 377–94.
Iver B. Neumann, ‘Grab a Phaser, Ambassador: Diplomacy in Star Trek’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2001, p. 621.
Marc Doucet, ‘Child’s Play: the Political Imaginary of International Relations and Contemporary Popular Children’s Films’, Global Society, Vol. 19, No. 3, July 2005, pp. 289–306.
Kennan Ferguson, The Politics of Judgement: Aesthetics, Identity and Political Theory (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 1999), as cited in
Andrew Seligsohn, ‘Aesthetic Experience, Aesthetic Judgement’, Theory and Event, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2001.
Martin Heidegger, ‘The Origin of the Work of Art’, trans. D. F. Krell, in Basic Writings (New York: HarperCollins, 1993/1977), p. 177.
See Allison, Kant’s Theory of Taste, pp. 3–4; Jane Bennett, The Enchantment of Modern Life: Attachments, Crossings, and Ethics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), pp. 40–9;
Jean-François Lyotard, Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime, trans. E. Rottenberg (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994), pp. 1–49.
Pierre Bourdieu, La Distinction: Critique Sociale du Jugement (Paris: Éditions de Minuit, 1979), p. iii.
Walter Benjamin, ‘Das Kunstwerk im Zeitalter seiner technischen Reproduzierbarkeit’, in Illuminationen: Ausgewählte Schriften 1 (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1977), p. 162.
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© 2009 Roland Bleiker
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Bleiker, R. (2009). The Aesthetic Turn in International Political Theory. In: Aesthetics and World Politics. Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244375_2
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