Abstract
The study begins by tracing the fate of some of the men persecuted as so-called ‘werewolves’ in the Free County of Burgundy or Franche-Comté. The central issue discussed in this chapter is to what extent the werewolf figure was potentially an alternative, male model to the ‘witch’ figure mainly attributed to women. The chapter goes on to discuss why this phenomenon occurred more frequently in Franche-Comté than in many other territories of the Holy Roman Empire and why it eventually became subsumed under the concept of witchcraft.
Man is a wolf to man
(Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, 1651)
In this sense Hobbes’ thinking is wrong
(Denis Diderot, Hobbisme, Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné …, Paris 1751–65)
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Notes
H. Boguet, Discours execrable des sorciers, ensemble leur Procez, faits depuis 2 ans en çà, en divers endroicts de la France (Rouen 1606), p. 185. Further: pp. 1, 8, 15, 47, 30, 97, 117, 127, 135, 185, 228, 234, 287; 302. Court protocoles in ADD 10 F 10 bzw. ADD 10 F 13.
ADD 10 F 10, Boguet (1606) 97, 117, 128, 135, 259, 286–7, 331; F. Bavoux, Les procès inédits de Boguet en matière de sorcellerie dans la grande Judicature de Saint-Claude, XVIe–XVIIe (Dijon 1958), p. 16.
M. Senn (ed.), Die Wickiana. (Küsnacht/Zürich 1875), pp. 196–198.
C. Ginzburg, Die Benandanti. Feldkultur und Hexenwesen im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt 1980).
For a criticism of the Ginzburg thesis see primarily: W. de Blécourt, ‘Spuren einer Volkskultur oder Dämonisierung? Kritische Anmerkungen zu Ginzburgs “Die Benandanti”’ in Kea, Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften 5 (1993), pp. 22–4.
E. Schraut, Fürstentum Hohenlohe, in S. Lorenz (ed.), Wider alle Hexerei und Teufelwerk (Ostfildern 2004), p. 317.
E.M. Lorey, Vom Wolfssegner zum Werwolf in R. Voltmer/G. Gehl (eds), Alltagsleben und Magie in Hexenprozessen (Weimar 2003), pp. 65–79.
A. Blauert, Frühe Hexenverfolgungen (Hamburg 1989), pp. 97–99.
W. Nieß, Hexenprozesse in der Grafschaft Büdingen (Büdingen 1982), pp. 153–82;
J. Bodin, De la Démonomanie des Sorciers (Paris 1586), Book IV, p. 184.
K. Morris, Sorceress or Witch? The Image of Gender in Medieval Iceland and Northern Europe (Lanham 1991), pp. 97–101, 121–128.
‘Credisti, quod quidam credere solent … ut quandocunque ille homo voluerit, in lupum transformari possit quod teutonica Werewulff vocatur, aut in aliam aliquam figuram?’ Burchard von Worms, Corrector sive medicus, reprinted in H.J. Schmitz (ed.), Die Buβbücher und das kanonische Buβverfahren nach handschriftlichen Quellen, vol. 2 (Düsseldorf 1898), question 151, p. 442. (transl. R. Schulte/L. Froome).
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F. Kluge, Etymologisches Wörterbuch (Berlin/New York 1995), p. 884.
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M. Bambeck, Wiesel und Werwolf (Stuttgart 1990), pp. 57–9.
Gervasius von Tilbury, Otia Imperialia (ed.: F. Liebknecht) (Hannover 1856), liber III, p. 120.
J. Dubois, Dictionnaire étymologique et historique (Paris 1993), p. 331.
Guillaume d’Auvergne, De Universo in L. Harf-Lancner, ‘La métamorphose illusoire: Des théories chrétiennes de la métamorphose aux images médievales du loup-garou’, in Annales E.S.P. 40 (1985), p. 214.
‘Se un homme a tele destinee d’estre leu-warou, c’est fort se son fils s’en tient. Et se filles a et nuiz fils, volentiers sont quauquemaires Les evangiles de Quenouilles’, cited in C. Lecouteux, Fées, Sorcières et Loup-garous au Moyen Age (Paris 1992), p. 118 (transl. R. Schulte).
M. Luther, Weimarer Ausgabe (1883 p.), vol.1, p. 406;
L. Daneau, Dialogue tres-utile-necessaire pour ce temps (Paris 1573), p. 64;
N. Hemmingsøn, En Undervisning aff den hellige skrifft (København 1576), p. K V d;
J. G. Godelmann, Von Zäuberern, Hexen und Unholden (Frankfurt 1592), book 2, p. 192;
P. Meiger(ius), De Panurgia Lamiarum (Hamburg 1587), p. L1;
D. Meder, Acht Hexenpredigten (Leipzig 1605), p. 80; H. Samson(ius), Neun auβerlesenen und Wohlbegründete Hexen-Predigt (Riga 1626), p. G II b;
B. Carpzov, Practica Nova, book I, (Wittenberg 1635/1647), p. 311.
B. Rochelandet, La répression de la sorcellerie aux XVIe et XVIIe siècle. Contribution à l’analyse du phenomène en Franche-Comté, tome 1, thèse de doctorat (Besancon 1992). p. 10.
E.M. Lorey, Henrich der Werwolf (Frankfurt 1997), p. 232.
See Boguet (1606) 48, 127, 265; A. Dey, Histoire de la Sorcellerie au Comté de Bourgogne (Vesoul 1861/reprint Marseille 1983), p. 28.
See also C. Oates, Metamorphosis and Lycanthropy in Franche-Comté, 1521–1643, in M. Feher (ed.), Fragments for a History of the Human Body, Part One (New York 1989), pp. 305–363. This essay, however, only deals with some of the trials.
See ADD, Série 2B/1285; ADD 10 F 54. See also Oates (1989), 335; B. Rochelandet, Sorcières, Diables et Bûchers en Franche-Comté aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles (Besançon 1997), p. 146.
J. Courtieu, Parlement de Dôle. Prétexte du répertoire numérique à la série 2 B ‘Parlement de Dôle’ (Besançon 1994), pp. 12–17.
B. Rochelandet, La sorcellerie d’autrefois (Lyon 1996), p. 90.
C. Ginzburg, Hexensabbat. Entzifferung einer nächtlichen Geschichte (Berlin 1990), p. 159.
R. Briggs in K.A. Edwards, Werewolves, Witches and Wanderings Saints. Traditional Belief and Folklore in Early Modern Europe (Kirksville 2002), p. 6;
P. Dinzelbacher, Lycantrophy, in EOW III (2006) 681; Monter (1976) 147.
M. Scheutz, Bettler-Werwolf-Galeerensträfling, Salzburg Archiv 27 (2001), pp. 221–68; see the list of all known werewolf trials: http://www.elmarlorev.de/Prozesse.htm (accessed on 8 March 2007).
C. Helman, Körper Mythen. Werwolf, Medusa und das radiologische Auge (München 1991), p. 104.
L. Febvre, Histoire de Franche-Comté (Paris 1922), p. 161.
S. van Bath, Agriculture in the Vital Revolution, in E.E. Rich/C.H. Wilson (eds), The Cambridge Economic History, vol. V, (Cambridge 1977), p. 90.
P. Delsalle, La Franche-Comté au temps des Archeducs Albert et Isabelle 1598–1633 (Bescançon 2002), pp. 16–20;
M. Morineau, La conjuncture ou les cernes de la croissance, in E. Le Roy Ladurie/M. Morineau (eds), Historie Economique et Sociale de la France, tome 1, De 1450–1660 (Paris 1977), pp. 950–5.
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© 2009 Rolf Schulte
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Schulte, R. (2009). The Persecution of Men as Werewolves in Burgundy. In: Man as Witch. Palgrave Historical Studies in Witchcraft and Magic. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230240742_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230240742_2
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