Skip to main content

The Liberalization of Capital Outflows in Brazil, India and South Africa since the early 1990s

  • Chapter
Financial Liberalization and Economic Performance in Emerging Countries

Abstract

During the 1990s, a number of developing countries took major steps towards liberalizing their capital accounts. In a context of increasing availability of international capital, the liberalization process resulted in these countries attracting large amounts of capital flows. In the second half of the 1990s these countries faced major capital flow reversals which in many cases resulted in deep financial crises. Because liberalization was associated with so many crises, a great deal of work has been done on the topic.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arida, P. (2003), ‘Ainda sobre a Conversibilidade’, Revista de Economia Politica, 23(3): 135–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ariyoshi, A. et al. (2000), ‘Capital Controls: Country Experiences with Their Use and Liberalization’, IMF Occasional Paper No. 190, May 17.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Banco Central (1993), O Regime cambial brasileiro. EvoluĂ§Ă£o recente e perspectivas. Brasilia, D.E: Banco Central do Brasil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhalla, S.S. (2006), ‘Dissent Note on the Report on Fuller Capital Account Convertibility’, in Reserve Bank of India (2006). ‘Report of the Committee on Fuller Capital Account Convertibility’, 31 July, http://www.rbi.org.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, F.J.C. (2004), ‘Controles de Capitais: uma agenda de pesquisa’ SĂ©rie SeminĂ¡rios de Pesquisa, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Economia, TD no. 001/2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, R. (1998), ‘Should Capital-Account Convertibility Be a World Objective?’, in Fischer, S. (ed.) Should the IMF Pursue Capital-Account Convertibility?, Essays in International Finance, no. 207, May.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist (2006), ‘Slowly does it’, 9 September, p. 87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichengreen, B. and Mussa, M. (1998), ‘Capital account liberalization: Theoretical and empirical aspects’, IMF Occasional Papers, No. 172, International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, B. and Reisen, H. (1992), ‘Towards Capital Account Convertibility’, OECD Development Centre Policy Brief, no. 4.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschalk, R. (2002), ‘Capital Account Liberalization: The International Experience and Lessons for South Africa’, report prepared for the South African National Treasury, December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffith Jones, S., Gottschalk, R. and Cailloux, J. (2003), International Capital Flows in Calm and Turbulent Times: The Need for New International Architecture, University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hviding, K. (2005), ‘Liberalizing Trade and Capital Transactions: An Overview’, in Nowak, M. and Ricci, L.A. (eds) Post-Apartheid South Africa. The First Ten Years After Apartheid, International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMF (2002), International Financial Statistics, July.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMF (2005), ‘Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions’, IMF, August.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMF (2006a), ‘Article IV Consultation with Brazil’, Public Information Notice (PIN) No. 06/69, June 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMF (2006b), ‘South Africa: 2006 Article IV Consultation — Staff Report’, Country Report no. 06/237, September.

    Google Scholar 

  • IMF (2006c), ‘South Africa: Selected Issues’, IMF Country Report No. 06/328, September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Indian Investment Centre (1997), ‘Recommendations of Tarapore Committee on Capital Account Convertibility’, in: Highlights of India’s Economic Policies, http://iic.nic.in/vsiic/iic3_j.htm.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le Fort, G. and Lehmann, S. (2000), ‘El Encaje, los Flujos de Capitales y el Gasto: una Evaluacion empirica’, Working Paper of Central Bank of Chile no. 64, Santiago, February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leite, P.G. et al. (2006), ‘The Post-Apartheid Evolution of Earnings Inequality in South Africa, 1995–2004’, United Nations Development Programme. Working Paper no. 32, October 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathieson, D. and Rojas-Suarez, L. (1993), ‘Liberalization of the Capital Account: Experiences and Issues’, Occasional Paper, 103, IMF, Washington DC, March.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Treasury (2001), ‘The Role of the National Treasury in the Economy’, mimeo, South African National Treasury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, M. (2005), ‘The First Ten Years After Apartheid: An Overview of the South African Economy’, in Nowak, M. and Ricci, L.A. Post-Apartheid South Africa. The First Ten Years After Apartheid, International Monetary Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oreiro, J.L., Paula, L.F. and Silva, G.J. (2004), Por uma moeda parcialmente conversivel: uma crĂ­tica a Arida e Bacha. Revista de Economia PolĂ­tica, 24(2): 223–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paiva, C. (2006), ‘External Adjustment and Equilibrium Exchange Rate in Brazil’, IMF Working Paper, WP/06/221, October.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panagariya, A. and Mukerji, P. (2006), ‘Don’t rush intofull convertibility’, Economic Times, 26 July.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prates, D.M. (1998), ‘Investimentos de Portfolio no Mercado Financeiro Domestico’, in: Fundap, Abertura Externa e Sistema Financeiro. Relatorio Final, chapter 1, Sao Paulo, May.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radelet, S. and Sachs, J. (1998), ‘The onset of the East Asian crisis’, mimeo, Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reserve Bank of India (2000), ‘Recommendations of Tarapore Committee on Capital Account Convertibility’, http:www.rbi.org.in/index/dl…001&secid=21/0/0&archivemode=0.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reserve Bank of India (2006), ‘Report of the Committee on Fuller Capital Account Convertibility’, 31 July, http://www.rbi.org.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rezende, F. and Tafner, P (eds) (2005), ‘Brazil: The State of the Nation’, Institute for Applied Economic Research (IPEA) and UNDP, International Poverty Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrik, D. (1998), ‘Who Needs Capital-Account Convertibility’, in Fischer, S. (ed.) Should the IMF Pursue Capital-Account Convertibility? Essays in International Finance, no. 207, May.

    Google Scholar 

  • SicsĂ¼, J. (2005), ‘Um passo liberalizante: comentĂ¡rios sobre as novas normas cambiais’. Texto para DiscussĂ£o UFRJ, Instituto de Economia, VersĂ£o de 11 de março, http://www.ie.ufrj.br/moeda/textos_para_discussao.php.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Der Laan, C.R., Cunha, A.M., LĂ©lis, M. and Bichara, J. (2006), ‘Los efectos de la globalizaciĂ³n financiera en los paĂ­ses en desarrollo: la experiencia de Brasil a partir de los años 90’, VIII ReuniĂ³n de EconomĂ­a Mundial, Alicante, 20–22 April.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesso, G.R. (2001), ‘The dynamics of capital flows in South Africa: an empirical investigation’, Quarterly Bulletin, SA Reserve Bank, June, pp. 59–77.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2008 Ricardo Gottschalk and Cecilia Azevedo Sodré

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gottschalk, R., Sodré, C.A. (2008). The Liberalization of Capital Outflows in Brazil, India and South Africa since the early 1990s. In: Arestis, P., de Paula, L.F. (eds) Financial Liberalization and Economic Performance in Emerging Countries. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230227743_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics