Abstract
For American physician Esther Pohl Lovejoy, the First World War was a vital bridge leading from local and national feminist activism to feminist activism and organization on an international scale. The conflict was also a turning point in her understanding of the impact of war and militarism on women; from it she created a new vision of the possibilities for social change on a transnational level. A suffragist and public health activist from Oregon, Lovejoy went to France for five months in 1917–1918 as a representative of American women’s organizations to study the public health needs of women and children in devastated areas. In France she found that wartime violence against women took the form of rape, dislocation, poverty, and disease, and she developed a strong critique of militarism and war. Her observations also underscored her belief that women were capable citizens who were equal with men and that women could cross national, class, and professional divides to unite for progressive action. When she returned to the United States, Lovejoy developed her views in the course of several speaking tours, written reports and published articles. She then provided a full account of these experiences and a critique of war’s violent effects on women in The House of the Good Neighbor.1 Lovejoy subsequently transformed her critique into a post-war programme for action by organizing and directing visionary new international organizations for medical women and medical relief.
The author wishes to thank Sara Piasecki and Karen Peterson at the Oregon Health & Science University Historical Collections & Archives, Portland, Oregon, and Joanne Grossman and her staff at the Drexel University College of Medicine, Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine and Homeopathy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, archivists extraordinaire and guardians of the treasures. Thanks also to Alison Fell and Ingrid Sharp and to participants in ‘The Gentler Sex’ conference for their helpful comments and suggestions and to Linda Kerber, Erika Kuhlman, Karen Jensen, Todd Jarvis, and Jeanne Deane.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Unattributed newspaper articles
Daily Gazette-Times [Corvallis, Oregon] (16 September 1918) ‘Liberty Loan Meetings Held in Benton County’: 1.
Oregonian [Portland, Oregon] (7 September 1918) ‘Dr. Lovejoy to Speak’: 6
Oregon Journal [Portland, Oregon] (3 January 1920) ‘Dr. E. Lovejoy’s Book Is Praised’: 6.
Oregon Journal [Portland, Oregon] (20 January 1918) ‘Dr. Esther Lovejoy Will Return to This Country in February’: 6.
Rogue River Courier [Grants Pass, Oregon] (10 September 1918) ‘Dr. Lovejoy’s Speech Thrills’: 1.
Archives and manuscript collections
American Women’s Hospital Records, 1917–1982, Accession 144. Archives and Special Collections on Women in Medicine and Homeopathy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Acc. 144, Box 3, Folder 20, 4. American Women’s Hospitals (AWH) (19 July 1917) ‘Minutes of the Meeting of the Executive Committee and General Association of the American Women’s Hospitals, 19 July 1917’.
Acc. 144, Box 3, Folder 20. Lovejoy, E. P. (8 May 1918 ) ‘Red Cross Abroad’. Typescript of Speech.
Esther Pohl Lovejoy Collection, Accession 2001–011. Oregon Health & Science University Historical Collections & Archives, Portland, Oregon.
2001-011, Box 1, Folder 2B. Folks, H. (3 January 1918 ) ‘Dr. Lovejoy’s Visit to America’. Letter to Dr W. P. Lucas.
2001-011, Box 1, Folder 2B. Folks, H. ( 4 January 1918 ) Letter to Dr Esther Lovejoy.
2001-011, Box 3, Folder 17. Lovejoy, E. P. ( 26 April 1919 ) Letter to Jean Marie Bassot.
2001-011. Box 3, Folder 19. Lovejoy, E. P. (c.1957) ‘Biographical Manuscript’.
Bibliography
Blair, E. N. (1920) The Woman’s Committee, United States Council of National Defense: An Interpretive Report, Washington: Government Printing Office.
Blatch, H. S. (1918) Mobilizing Woman-Power, New York: The Woman’s Press.
Carter, E. (1997) How German Is She? Postwar West German Reconstruction and the Consuming Woman, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Clarke, I. C. (1918) American Women and the World War, New York: D. Appleton and Company.
Cott, N. F. (1987) The Grounding of Modern Feminism, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dawley, A. (2003) Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Enloe, C. (2000) Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women’s Lives, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Enloe, C. (2004) The Curious Feminist: Searching for Women in a New Age of Empire, Berkeley: University of California Press.
Grayzel, S. (1999) Women’s Identities at War: Gender, Motherhood, and Politics in Britain and France During the First World War, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Harris, R. (1993) The “Child of the Barbarian”: Rape, Race, and Nationalism in France During the First World War’, Past and Present 141: 70–206.
Home, J. and Kramer, A. (2001) German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Jensen, K. (1998) ‘Physicians and Citizens: U.S. Medical Women and Military Service in the First World War’, in R. Cooter et al. (eds) War, Medicine, and Modernity, 1860–1945, London: Sutton Publishers, 106–24.
Jensen, K. (2007) Mobilizing Minerva: American Women in the First World War Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Kennedy, K. (1999) Disloyal Mothers and Scurrilous Citizens: Women and Subversion During World War I, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Kent, S. Kingsley (1993) Making Peace: The Reconstruction of Gender in Interwar Britain, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Kerber, L. (1998) No Constitutional Right to be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship, New York: Hill and Wang.
Kessler-Harris, A. (2001) In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in Twentieth Century America New York: Oxford University Press.
Lovejoy, E. P. (May 1918) ‘The Most Interesting Spot in the World’, Ladies’ Home Journal 35/5: 75–76.
Lovejoy, E. P. (May 1918) ‘Official Report of Dr. Esther Clayson Lovejoy, Council of National Defense Circular 113’, Woman’s Medical Journal 28 /5: 109–13.
Lovejoy, E. P. (1919) The House of the Good Neighbor, New York: Macmillan Company.
Lovejoy, E. P. (1923) ‘The Possibilities of the Medical Women’s International Association’, Medical Woman’s Journal 30 /1: 14–18.
Lovejoy, E. P. (1933) Certain Samaritans, New York: Macmillan.
Lovejoy, E. P. (1957) Women Doctors of the World, New York: Macmillan.
Lovejoy, E. P. (1939) Women Physicians and Surgeons; National and International Organiza-tions. Book One: The American Medical Women’s Association, The Medical Women’s International Association. Book Two: Twenty Years with The American Women’s Hospitals, Livingston, New York: The Livingston Press.
Lovejoy, E. P. (March 1974) ‘My Medical School, 1890–1894.’ Introduction by Bertha Hallam. Oregon Historical Quarterly 75 /1: 7–35.
Mead, R. (2004) How the Vote Was Won: Woman Suffrage in the Western United States, New York: New York University Press.
Morantz-Sanchez, R. (2000) Sympathy & Science: Women Physicians in American Medicine, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
More, E. (1999) Restoring the Balance: Women Physicians and the Profession of Medicine, 1850–1995, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Morton, R. S. (1937) A Woman Surgeon: The Life and Work of Rosalie Slaughter Morton, New York: Frederick Stokes.
Roberts, M. L. (1997) Civilization Without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France, 1917–1927, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rupp, L. J. (1997) Worlds of Women: The Making of an International Women’s Movement, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Rupp, L. J. (1998) ‘Solidarity and Wartime Violence Against Women’, in L. A. Lorentzen and J. Turpin (eds) The Women and War Reader, New York: New York University Press, 303–07.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2007 Kimberly Jensen
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jensen, K. (2007). Esther Pohl Lovejoy, M.D., the First World War, and a Feminist Critique of Wartime Violence. In: Fell, A.S., Sharp, I. (eds) The Women’s Movement in Wartime. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230210790_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230210790_11
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-28576-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-21079-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)