Skip to main content

Hindu Rituals on Behalf of Women: Notes on First Principles

  • Chapter
Woman and Goddess in Hinduism
  • 277 Accesses

Abstract

In recent research I came across a young woman who told me how she recited the Rāma-raksa, or “protection of Rāma” mantra, during childbirth. I was struck by the integration of Sanskrit, and this small ritual, into her everyday life. Her Hindu world, and her performance of Sanskrit, included the labor and delivery room in a major city in India. While this was not a properly “Vedic” ritual, it was still modeled on the gāyatri mantra and understood by many as Vedic. The baby was a girl, welcomed by all in the family. When I discussed this practice with another colleague, also a woman Sanskritist, I further commented that Sanskrit seemed to be a language of the heart as well as the head. She replied, “It is artha that matters—one’s goal in life and in ritual. Everything should be subject to artha, and analyzed accordingly.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bhat. M. S., ed. 1987. Vedic Tantrism: A Study of the Rg Vidhana of Śaunaka with Text and Translation. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhatta, Kumarila. 1898. Mīmāṃsāślokavārtikam. Caukhamba-Samskrta- granthamala 11, 12, 15, 18, 21. Kasi: n.p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biderman, Shlomo. 1984. “Orthodoxy and Philosophy in India: Philosophical Implications of the Mimaṃsa School.” In Orthodoxy, Heterodoxy and Dissent in India, eds. S. N. Eisenstadt, R. Kahane, and D. Schulman, 73–84. Berlin: Mouton.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bilimoria, Purushottama. 2001. “Hindu Doubts about God: Towards a Mimamsa Reconstruction.” In Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy, Volume 4, ed. Roy W. Perrett, 87–106. London & New York: Garland Publishing Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilimoria, Purushottama. 2006. “Who is “The Subaltern” in the Comparative Philosophy of Religion?” Philosophy East and West, Vol. 53, no. 3, 340–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clooney, Francis X. 1986. “Jaimini’s Contribution to the Theory of Sacrifice as the Experience of Transcendence.” History of Religions, Vol. 25, no. 3 (February), 199–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bilimoria, Purushottama. 1988a. “Devatadhikarana: The Theological Re-conception of God in Mīmāmsa and Vedānta.” Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 16, 277–298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilimoria, Purushottama. 1988b. “Why the Veda Has No Author: Some Contributions of the Early Mīmāmsa to Religious and Ritual Studies.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 55, 659–684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilimoria, Purushottama. 1990. Thinking Ritually: Rediscovering the Purva Mimamsa of Jaimini. Vienna: Denobili.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande, Madhav. 1996. “Some Aspects of Priestly Recited Sanskrit.” In The Ideology and Status of Sanskrit, ed. M. E. J. Houben, 401–436. New York: E.J. Brill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande, Madhav. 2007. “The Yajusa-Hautra Dispute in Early Modern Maharashtra.” Paper given at the Fourth International Vedic Workshop, Austin, Texas, May.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frontline. 2002. “A Merely Legal Approach Cannot Root Out Female Infanticide: Interview with Salem Collector J. Radhakrishnan,” Frontline on Net 19:4, February 16; March 1, 2002; April 14, 2002 (http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1904/19041320.htm).

    Google Scholar 

  • Frontline. 2002. “A Merely Legal Approach Cannot Root Out Female Infanticide: Interview with Salem Collector J. Radhakrishnan,” Frontline on Net 19:4, February 16; March 1, 2002; April 14, 2002 (http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1904/19041320.htm).

  • Geldner, Karl F., trans. 1951. Der Rig Veda. Harvard Oriental Series, vol. 33. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonda, Jan. 1977. The Ritual Sutras. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosvami, Mahaprabhulala. 1986. The Mīmāṃsā Dārśana of Mahaṛṣi Jaimini. Varanasi: Tara Printing Works.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyer, Subramania. 1945. “The Point of View of the Vaiyākaraṇas.” Journal of Oriental Research, Vol. 18, 84–96; reprint 1972 in A Reader on the Sanskrit Grammarians., ed. J. F. Staal, 393–400. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, Stephanie. 1991. Ravenous Hyenas and the Wounded Sun. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jha, Ganganath, trans. 1907. Mimdṃsa Ślokavdrttika of Kumarila. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jha, Ganganath, trans. 1942. Purva Mimdṃsa in Its Sources. Banaras: Banaras Hindu University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Mark. 1993. Moral Imagination: Implications of Cognitive Science for Ethics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasulis, Thomas P. 1992. “Philosophy as Metapraxis.” In Discourse and Practice, eds. Frank Reynolds and David Tracy, 169–195. Albany: State University of New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knipe, David. 2007. “Jīrṇa: On Aging in Traditional Vedic Perspective.” Paper given at the Fourth International Vedic Workshop, Austin, Texas, May.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Strauss, Claude. 1967. “The Effectiveness of Symbols.” In Structural Anthropology, ed. Claude Levi-Strauss, 181–207. Garden City: Doubleday Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubin, Timothy. 2001. “Veda on Parade: Revivalist Ritual as Civic Spectacle.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 69, no. 2, 377–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGee, Mary. 2002. “Ritual Rights: The Gender Implications of Adhikāra” In Jewels of Authority: Women and Textual Tradition in Hindu India, ed. Laurie L. Patton, 32–51. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, Laurie. 1996. Myth as Argument: The Bṛhaddevata as Canonical Commentary. Berlin: DeGruyter Mouton.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, Laurie. 2002. “Mantras and Miscarriage: Controlling Birth in the Late Vedic Period.” In Jewels of Authority: Women and Textual Tradition in Hindu India, ed. Laurie L. Patton, 51–69. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, Laurie. 2004. “If the Fire Goes Out, The Wife Shall Fast: Notes on Women’s Agency in the Āśvalayana Gṛhya Sütra.” In Problems in Vedic and Sanskrit Literature, ed. Maitreyee Deshpande, 300–307. Delhi: New Bharatiya Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, Laurie. 2007. “Cat in the Courtyard: The Performance of Sanskrit and the Religious Experience of Women.” In Women’s Lives, Women’s Rituals in the Hindu Tradition, ed. Tracy Pintchman, 19–35. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, Sheldon. 1989. “Mimamsa and the Problem of History in Traditional India.” Journal of American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, no. 4, 603–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scharf, Peter M. 1995. “Indian Grammarians on a Speaker’s Intention.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 115, no. 1 (January), 66–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sineath, Sherry. 2004. “Son Preference and Sex Selection among Hindus in India.” Master’s thesis, Florida State University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Frederick M. 2001. “The Recent History of Vedic Ritual in Maharashtra.” In Vidyarnavavadanam. Essays in Honour of Asko Parpola, eds. Klaus Karttunen and Petteri Koskikallio, 94: 443–463. Studia Orientalia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staal, Frits. 1979. “The Meaninglessness of Ritual.” Numen, Vol. 26, fasc. 1, 2–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staal, Frits. 1980. “Ritual Syntax.” In Sanskrit and Indian Studies: Essays in Honour of Daniel H. H. Ingalls, eds. M. Nagatomi et al., 119–143. Dordrecht, Holland; Boston: D. Reidel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staal, Frits. 1985. “Mantras and Bird Songs.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 105, 549–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staal, Frits. 1986. “The Sound of Religion.” Numen, Vol. 33, fasc. 1, 33–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Staal, Frits. 1988. Universals: Studies in Indian Logic and Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Nooten, Barend, and Gary Holland, eds. 1994. Rig Veda: A Metrically Restored Text With an Introduction and Notes. Edited by Harvard Oriental Series, Vol. 50. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, L. Lewis. 1995. “The Anthropologist as Obstetrician: Childbirth Observed and Childbirth Experienced.” Anthropology Today, Vol. 11, no. 6 (December), 12–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Tracy Pintchman Rita D. Sherma

Copyright information

© 2011 Tracy Pintchman and Rita D. Sherma

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Patton, L.L. (2011). Hindu Rituals on Behalf of Women: Notes on First Principles. In: Pintchman, T., Sherma, R.D. (eds) Woman and Goddess in Hinduism. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230119925_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics