Abstract
A certain standard account of Primo Levi’s early career as a writer goes as follows: Survival in Auschwitz appears in 1947 with the small Turinese publisher De Silva, having been rejected by Einaudi, on the advice of Natalia Ginzburg and probably also Cesare Pavese. It is produced in a small print run, has a few positive reviews, but is then largely forgotten outside local circles. When Einaudi picks up and republishes the work, with minor modifications, in 1958, it is a significant success. Levi is persuaded, a short time thereafter, by friends such as the anti-Fascist jurist and historian Alessandro Galante Garrone, among others, to write further on his wartime experiences. The result is the publication of his narrative of return, The Reawakening, in 1963, an “Odyssey” to complement the “Iliad” of Survival in Auschwitz. If anything, The Reawakening is even more of a success, winning the first Campiello Prize, selling in large numbers, and swiftly being adopted as a book in schools.
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Samuel Moyn, A Holocaust Controversy. The Treblinka Affair in Postwar France (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2005).
Piero Caleffi, Si fa presto a dire fame (Milan: Edizioni Avanti!, 1954; 6th ed. 1958); Bruno Piazza Perché gli altri dimenticano (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1956).
Piero Caleffi, Si fa presto a dire fame (Milan: Edizioni Avanti!, 1954; 6th ed. 1958); Bruno Piazza Perché gli altri dimenticano (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1956).
Mario Bonfantini, Un salto nel buio (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1959).
Edith Bruck, Chi ti ama così (Milan: Lerici, 1959).
Giacomo Debenedetti, 16 ottobre 43 (Milan: Il Saggiatore, 1959; 1st ed. 1944).
Piero Chiodi, Banditi (Turin: Einaudi, 1961; 1st ed. 1946).
Anne Frank, Diario (Turin: Einaudi, 1954; 1st ed., Het Achterhuis, 1947).
Robert Antelme, La specie umana (Turin: Einaudi, 1954; 1st ed., L’Espèce humaine, 1947).
David Rubinowicz, Il diario (Turin: Einaudi, 1960).
Emmanuel Ringelblum, Sepolti a Varsavia (Milan: Mondadori, 1962).
Rudolf Höss, Comandante ad Auschwitz (Turin: Einaudi, 1960; 1st German ed. 1958).
From 1985, Einaudi published it with a new preface by Primo Levi, now in Opere, ed. Marco Belpoliti (Turin: Einaudi, 1997), 2:1276–83.
Edward Russell of Liverpool, Il flagello della svastica (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1955; 1st ed., The Scourge of the Swastika, 1954).
Léon Poliakov, Il nazismo e lo sterminio degli ebrei (Turin: Einaudi, 1955; 1st ed., La Bréviaire de la haine, 1951).
Gerald Reitlinger, La soluzione finale (Milan: Il Saggiatore, 1962; 1st ed., The Final Solution, 1953).
W. L. Shirer, Storia del Terzo Reich (Turin: Einaudi, 1962; 1st ed., The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1960). Reitlinger’s work had already been extensively summarized in 1953–54 by Luigi Meneghello (under the pseudonym Ugo Varnai), in the Olivetti journal Comunità n.s. 22, no. 4 (December 1953-April 1954), 16–23, perhaps the earliest signal of a turning point toward serious work on the Holocaust in Italy.
Alberto Nirenstajn, Ricorda che ti ha fatto Amalek (Turin: Einaudi, 1958).
Piero Caleffi and Albe Steiner, Pensaci, uomo! (Turin: Einaudi, 1960). A similar combination of text and photographs also characterized Domenico Tarzizzo, ed., Ideologia della morte: Storia e documenti dei campi di sterminio (Milan: Il Saggiatore, 1962).
Renzo De Felice, Storia degli ebrei italiani sotto il fascismo (Turin: Einaudi, 1961).
On the Piccardi affair, see De Felice’s comments in Renzo De Felice, Rosso e Nero (Milan: Baldini e Castoldi, 1995), 150.
Natalia Ginzburg, Lessico famigliare (Turin: Einaudi, 1963).
Giorgio Bassani, Cinque storie ferraresi (Turin: Einaudi, 1956); Gli occhiali d’oro (Turin: Einaudi, 1958); Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini (Turin: Einaudi, 1962).
Edith Bruck, Andremo in città (Milan: Lerici, 1962).
Ka-Tzetnik 135633, La casa delle bambole (Milan: Mondadori, 1959; 1st ed. 1953).
André Schwarz-Bart, L’ultimo dei giusti (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1960; 1st ed. 1959).
Millicent Marcus, Italian Film in the Shadow of Auschwitz (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 2007).
Gillo Pontecorvo, Kapò (Italy: Cineriz, 1961).
See Carlo Celli, Gillo Pontecorvo (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow, 2005), 15.
Roberto Rossellini, Generale della Rovere (Italy: Zebra Film, 1959).
Carlo Lizzani, L’oro di Roma (Italy: Ager Cinematografica, 1961).
See Salvatore Quasimodo, Tutte le poesie (Milan: Mondadori, 1984), 203–4; Pier Paolo Pasolini, Opere, vols. 1–10, ed. Walter Siti (Milan: Mondadori, 1998–2003), 5:511–17 (“Il genocidio”); 9:1211–27, 1338–46 (poetry).
See Manuela Consonni, “The Impact of the ‘Eichmann Event’ in Italy, 1961.” Journal of Israeli History 23, no. 1 (2004): 91–99.
Gideon Hausner, Sei milioni di accusatori (Turin: Einaudi, 1961).
Now in “Primo Levi,”, Voice of Memory: Interviews 1961–87, ed. Marco Belpoliti and Robert S. C. Gordon (New York: New Press, 2000), 1790–83.
See Levi, “‘Deportazione e sterminio di ebrei’ di Primo Levi, con una nota di Alberto Cavaglion,” Lo straniero 11, no. 85 (July, 2007): 5–12. The Milan, Rome, and Turin lectures were published, respectively, as 1945–1975: Fascismo, antifascismo, Resistenza, rinnovamento, ed. Marco Fini (Milan: Feltrinelli, 1962); Lezioni sull’antifascismo, ed. Piergiovanni Permoli (Rome: Laterza, 1960); Trent’anni di storia italiana: 1915–1945: Dall’antifascismo alla Resistenza, ed. Franco Antonicelli (Turin: Einaudi, 1961).
See Marzia Luppi and Elisabetta Ruffini, eds., Immagini dal silenzio: La prima mostra nazionale dei Lager nazisti attraverso l’Italia 1955–1960 (Modena: Nuovagrafica, 2005).
Guido Valabrega, ed., Gli ebrei in italia durante il fascismo, vols. 1–3 (Milan: CDEC, 1961–63).
This work would feed into the major study, Meir Michaelis, Mussolini and the Jews: German-Italian Relations and the Jewish Question in Italy, 1922–1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
Giorgio Romano, “Rassegna delle riviste,” Rassegna Mensile di Israel 5 (1960), 228 (on Debendetti).
Dante Lattes, “Tu quoque Quasimodo?” Rassegna Mensile di Israel 1 (1961), 3–5.
G. L. Luzzatto, “Il giardino dei Finzi-Contini,” Rassegna Mensile di Israel 5 (1962), 239–40.
Maurice Pinay, Complotto contro la chiesa (Rome, 1962).
Renzo De Felice, “L’ultima maschera,” Rassegna Mensile di Israel 1 (1963), 63–68. Hochhuth’s play was first staged in Berlin in 1963 and then in London and New York in 1964. It was published in Italian in 1964 (Il Vicario, Milan: Feltrinelli, 1964), and an attempt was made to stage it in Rome in 1965, with Gian Maria Volonté in the lead role, but it was blocked by a police raid on a legal technicality.
See Robert S. C. Gordon, “Which Holocaust? Primo Levi and the Field of Holocaust Memory in Post-war Italy,” Italian Studies 61, no. 1 (2006): 85–113.
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© 2011 Risa Sodi and Millicent Marcus
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Gordon, R.S.C. (2011). Primo Levi and Holocaust Memory in Italy, 1958–1963. In: Sodi, R., Marcus, M. (eds) New Reflections on Primo Levi. Italian and Italian American Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230119673_4
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