Abstract
Outside Europe, Latin America is where regionalism has enjoyed the longest tradition and has arguably achieved the deepest and most sophisticated forms. In spite of different understandings of the essence and goals of regional integration, and different degrees of support for its deepening and enlargement, in Europe there is a convergence toward a unitary project, the European Union. Other regional initiatives are mostly subservient to, or at least compatible with, the EU scope and aims. However, in Latin America, regionalism, although meant to be an expression of unity and solidarity, has become a stark reflection of Latin American diversity and heterogeneity. Even in the presence of supposedly ideological affinities between a majority of the current left-leaning administrations, Latin American regionalism is characterized by a number of competing projects, whose rationales and agendas are often divergent, if not incompatible.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Simón Bolívar, Escritos Políticos, Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1969
Gerardo Oviedo, “Pensamientos sobre la integración latinoamericana: un corpus textual,” Cuadernos Americanos, No. 126, 2008, pp. 53–72.
Peter H. Smith, Talons of the Eagle. Dynamics of US-Latin American Relations, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 2000, especially pp. 87–92.
Norberto Galasso, América Latina. Unidos o Dominados, Ediciones Institute Superior Dr Arturo Jauretche, Buenos Aires, 2008.
Rosendo Fraga, “La Experiencia Histórica en Brasil y Argentina desde 1966 hasta 1983: Cominenzo de la Convergencia,” in José Maria Lladós and Samuel Pinheiro Guimarães (eds.), Pespectivas. Brasily Argentina, IPRI-CARI, Brasilia and Buenos Aires, 1999, pp. 367–85.
Roberto Russell, Cambio de Régimen y Política Exterior: El Caso de Argentina, 1976–1989, FLACSO, Documentes e Informes de Investigatión, No. 88, 1989, Buenos Aires.
Gian Luca Gardini Gardini, “Who invented Mercosur?” Diplomacy and Statecraft, 18:4 (December 2007), pp. 805–30.
Andrea Oelsner, “The Institutional Identity of Regional Organizations, or Mercosur’s identity crisis,” paper presented at the VI General congress of the ECPR, Potsdam, September 2009; Romeo Perez, “El Mercosur antes su Extraña Crisis,” CLAEH working paper, Montevideo, November 2009.
Roberto Porzecanski, No Voy e TREN. Uruguay y las perspectivas de un TLC con Estados Unidos (2000–2010), Debate—Random House Mondadori & Editorial Sudamericana Uruguaya, Montevideo, 2010.
Gian Luca Gardini, The Origins of Mercosur, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2010.
Miriam Gomes Saraiva and Andres Malamud, 2009, “Argentina and Brazil between continuity and change,” paper presented at the ABRI-ISA Joint Conference, Rio de Janeiro, July 2009. See also the chapter by Miriam Gomes Saraiva in this volume.
Andrés Malamud, “Leadership without Followers: The Contested Case for Brazilian Power Status,” in Estevão C. Rezende Martins and Miriam Gomes Saraiva (eds.), Brasil, União Europeia, América do Sul: Anos 2010–2020, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Brasilia, 2009, pp. 126–48.
Sean W. Burges, “Without Sticks or Carrots: Brazilian Leadership in South America During the Cardoso Era, 1992–2003,” Bulletin of Latin American Research, 25:1, 2006, pp. 23–42.
José Antonio Sanahuja, “La construcción de una region: Suramérica y el regionalismo neoliberal,” in Manuel Cienfuegos and José Antonio Sanahuja (eds.), Una Región en Construcción: UNASUR y la integración en América del Sur, CIDOB, Barcelona, 2010, pp. 87–134.
Olivier Dabène, The Politics of Regional Integration in Latin America. Theoretical and Comparative Explorations, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2009.
In this sense, it is questionable whether ALBA and UNASUR are to be considered schemes of integration, cooperation, or coordination. See a debate on definitions in Dabène, The Politics of Regional Integration in Latin America, chapter 1.
For a strict definition of regional integration, see Philippe Schmitter, “Change in Regime Type and Progress in International Relations,” in Emanuel Adler and Beverly Crawford (eds.), Progress in Postwar International Relations, Columbia University Press, New York, 1991, pp. 89–127.
For an understanding of regional integration as one dimension of regionalism, see Andrew Hurrell, “Regionalism in Theoretical Perspective,” in Louse Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell (eds.), Regionalism in World Politics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1995, pp. 37–73.
Thomas Fritz, ALBA contra ALCA, Centro de Investigación y Documentación Chile Latinoamérica (FDCL), April 2007.
Nayllivis N. N. Soto, “Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas: Una Propuesta histórico Política al ALCA,” Geoenseñanza, 2004, 9:1, pp. 57–73.
Carlos N. Oddone and Leonardo Granato, “Los nuevos proyectos de integración regional vigentes en América Latina,” OIKOS Revista de economia heterodoxa, 2007, 6:7, pp. 29–50.
Alberto Montero Soler, “ALBA: avances y tensiones en el proceso de integracion popular bolivariano,” Revista Agora, 3 (2007):5.
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela, Boletin. Oficina de coordinación de Prensa, Caracas, 2001.
Sean Burgess, “Building a Southern Coalition: The Competing Approaches of Brazil’s Lula and Venezuela’s Chavez,” Third World Quarterly, 28:7 (2007), pp. 1343–58.
Fernando Ravsberg, “Cumbre del ALBA en Cuba,” BBC Mundo, December 13, 2009, available online, http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/economia/2009/12/091213_0626_cuba_alba_gm.shtml (last accessed March 27, 2010).
Felix Peña, “Strategic Partnerships and Trade Preferences,” International Trade Relations Newsletter, March 2010, http://www.felixpena.com.ar/index.php?contenido=negotiations&neagno=report/2010-03-strategic-partnerships-brasil-mexico (last accessed May 7, 2010).
Gian Luca Gardini, “Verso una nuova guerra fredda?” Affari Internazionali, 24 settembre 2008.
Isidro Sepulveda Muñoz, “Introducción,” in Ministerio de la Defensa, La Creacción de UNASUR en el Marco de la Seguridad y la Defensa, Centro Superior de Estudios de la defensa nacional, Documentos de Seguridad y Defensa No. 29, Madrid, January 2010. See also note 13 about the debate on definitions. For the reasons to include UNASUR in this work, refer to the discussion on definitions in Dabène, The Politics of Regional Integration in Latin America, pp. 5–11.
Carlos Piñeiro Iñiguez, La Natión Sudamericana. Del imperativo histórico-cultural la realizatión económico-politica, NuevoHacer Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, Buenos Aires, 2004. See also the section on Brazil and UNASUR later on in this chapter. The 1st South American Summit was also accompanied by an academic forum promoting the geostrategic concept: Instituto Rio Branco, IEPES, IPEA, BID, “Seminario sobre America do Sul: A Organização do espaço sul-americano,” Brasilia, July 31-August 2, 2000.
Luis Claudio Villafañe Santos, “A America do Sul no discurso dip-lomatico brasileiro,” Revista Brasileira de Política International, 48:2 (2005), pp. 185–204, p. 201. Sergio Caballero, “Brasil y la integración regional sudamericana: entre el liderazgo regional y el global player,” paper presented at the VI CEISAL Conference, Toulouse, June-July 2010, pp. 4–5. See also the chapter by Miriam Gomes Saraiva in this collection.
José Antonio Sanahuja, “La construcción de una región: Suramerica y el regionalismo posliberal,” in Manuel Cienfuegos and José Antonio Sanahuja (eds.), Una Región en Constructión. Unasur y la integratión en América del Sur, Fundació CIDOB, Barcelona, 2010, pp. 87–134, p. 119.
Andres Malamud, “Leadership without Followers: The Contested Case for Brazilian Power Status,” in Estevao Rezende Martins and Miriam Gomes Saraiva (eds.), Brasil, Uniao Europeia, America do Sul: Anos 2010–2020, Brasilia, Konrad Adenauer Foundation, 2009, pp. 126–48.
With no established and undisputed primacy of communitarian law over national law and generally with no direct applicability, MERCOSUR, ALBA, and UNASUR regulations all need incorporation into national law. See Andrés Malamud, “Mercosur Turns 15: Between Rising Rhetoric and Declining Achievement,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2005, 18:3, pp. 421–36.
Alejandro D. Perrotti, Tribunal Permanente de Revisión y Estado de Derecho en el Mercosur, Konrad Adenauer Foundation-Marcial Pons, Buenos Aires, 2008; Olivier Dabène, The Politics of Regional Integration in Latin America, chapter 4.
For an exhaustive study of the case and its legal implications, see Didier Opertti Badán, “Las Plantas de Celulosa: Cronología de un Conflicto,” La Ley, forthcoming, November 2010.
Andrés Malamud, “Presidential Diplomacy and the Institutional Underpinnings of Mercosur. An Empirical Examination,” Latin American Research Review, 40:1 (2005), pp. 138–64.
Gian Luca Gardini, L’America Latina nel XXL Secolo, Carocci, Rome, 2009.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2011 Gian Luca Gardini and Peter Lambert
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gardini, G.L. (2011). Unity and Diversity in Latin American Visions of Regional Integration. In: Gardini, G.L., Lambert, P. (eds) Latin American Foreign Policies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230118270_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230118270_14
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-29355-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-11827-0
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)