Skip to main content

Broken Covenants and Broken Relationships: Guidelines for Cooperation in a World in Transition

  • Chapter
Religion and Ethics in a Globalizing World
  • 124 Accesses

Abstract

The “crisis” in the Middle East is a series of rolling crises with the territory of Palestine/Israel at its focal point. It is a complex of religious, political, and socioeconomic considerations that has triggered critical changes in relationships between the White Western Christian Bloc of countries (WWCB) and the balance of the world community. It is not a territorial conquest for resources with an occasional burst of military action that outsiders can view as disengaged observers. Nor is it a short-term conflict between communities that can be considered in isolation. In the writer’s view it is fundamental to the “radical transition” that Camilleri and Falk say has been taking place in the organization of human affairs during the past six or more decades.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, Worlds in Transition: Evolving Governance across a Stressed Planet (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2009), 2–4.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  2. Bernard J. Verkamp, The Evolution of Religion: A Re-Examination (Scranton, PA: University of Scranton Press, 1995), 1.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Reuters, “Earliest Known Shaman Grave Site Found: Study,” Yahoo! News, November 4, 2008, archived.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Peter Michaelsen et al., Australian Ice Age Rock Art May Depict Earth’s Oldest Recordings of Shamanistic Rituals, vol. 41, Mankind Quarterly: Council for Social and Economic Studies. Provided by Proquest Llc (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism, Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy, Bollingen Series LXXVI (New York: Pantheon Books, 1964).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Paul S. D., C. Tacon, Merideth Wilson, and Christopher Chippindale, “Birth of the Rainbow Serpent in Arnhem Land Rock Art and Oral History,” Archaeology in Oceania 31, no. 3 (October 1996).

    Google Scholar 

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism, 1st ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996; reprint, 2004), 6–16. In defining Hinduism, Flood states that “sacred” refers to a quality of mysterious power that is believed to dwell within certain objects, persons, and places, and is opposed to chaos and death; that many Hindus believe in a transcendent God; devotion (bhakti) to deities may be mediated through icons and holy persons; and while the deity is worshipped as distinct, it and the devotee share in the same essence

    Google Scholar 

  8. L. R. Hiatt, “The Moral Lexicon of the Warlpiri People of Central Australia,” Australian Aboriginal Studies; Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies 2007, no. 1 (2007).

    Google Scholar 

  9. V. M. Kelkar, and Y. D. Vaishnav, “Commonalities in Hinduism and Judaism,” International Journal of Humanities and Peace 17, no. 1 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

    Google Scholar 

  10. Richard Hooker, The Akkadians 2340–2125 BC (Pullman: Washington State University, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  11. E. Lipinski, The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion (Leuven: Peeters, 2000);

    Google Scholar 

  12. Cyrus H. Gordon, “Abraham and the Merchants of Ura,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 17, no. 1 (January 1958): 40.

    Google Scholar 

  13. N. F. Gier, “Religious Syncretism,” in Theology Bluebook (Moscow: University of Idaho, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Heinz Bechert and Richard Gombrich, eds., The World of Buddhism (London: Thames and Hudson, 1984), 7–8. Bechert notes that as a contemplative religion Buddhism was forced from its land of origin following the rise of Christianity and Islam, and is now in a phase of renewed philosophical missionary activity.

    Google Scholar 

  15. The period of bondage and the dating of the Exodus are disputed. Scholarly dating of the Exodus ranges from early twelfth century, through the thirteenth century (Sarna and Hershel) to the fifteenth century. I am persuaded that the durative pattern of Exodus (Malamat 1988) is sound; that an early fifteenth century start date (Eriksson 2006) is most supportable; that the movement began on a small scale under Moses’ leadership, and that the largest emigration occurred during the thirteenth century. The Exodus is therefore shown in charts 1 and 2 as early the fifteenth century. See also Abraham Malamat, “Let My People Go and Go and Go and Go,” Biblical Archaeology Review 85 (1998);

    Google Scholar 

  16. Nahum M. Sarna, and Hershel Shanks, “Israel in Egypt: The Egyptian Sojourn and the Exodus,” Ancient Israel 33, no. 54 (1999); Kathryn Eriksson, “Thera: Redating the Exodus (Provisional),” Buried History, Journal of The Australian Institute of Archaeology (forthcoming).

    Google Scholar 

    Google Scholar 

  17. Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Israel: With a Reprint of the Article from the Encyclopaedia Britannica, trans. J. Sutherland Black and Allan Menzies. 3rd ed. with preface by W. Robertson Smith (Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, 1885/1);

    Google Scholar 

  18. W. Nicholson, The Pentateuch in the Twentieth Century: The Legacy of Julius Wellhausen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  19. J. Philip Hyatt, “The Compiling of Israel’s Story,” in The Interpreter’s One-Volume Commentary on the Bible, ed. Charles M. Laymon (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1971), 1083.

    Google Scholar 

  20. S. H. Hooke, Babylonian and Assyrian Religion (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963). Hooke maintains that there were ritual myths and origin myths, but no Babylonian covenant myth for the composers of the P source texts to adopt.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Scholars debate the historicity of the Abrahamic tradition and the start point of the Patriarch’s emigration. Concerning the start point, see Gordon. Concerning historicity, see Paul Haupt, “Kir = Ur of the Chaldees,” Journal of Biblical Literature/The Society of Biblical Literature 36, nos. 1/2 (1917). However, the evolution of Hebrew understanding of personal and communal covenant is, in the writer’s view, consistent with the understanding having been inspired in the circumstances of an extended family embroiled in conflict. Although the historicity of the early narrative is not sustainable, debate over step-by-step events does not negate the core development.

    Google Scholar 

    Google Scholar 

  22. David Noel Freedman, and David Miano, “People of the New Covenant,” in The Concept of the Covenant in the Second Temple Period, ed. Stanley E. Porter and Jacqueline C. R. de Roo (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  23. F. E. Peters, Judaism, Christianity and Islam: From Covenant to Community, 1st ed., 3 vols., vol. 1: From Covenant to Community, Judaism, Christianity and Islam: The Classical Texts and Their Interpretation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990a), 101–03.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Stephen Oppenheimer, The Real Eve: Modern Man’s Journey out of Africa (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Alice Roberts, The Incredible Human Journey. (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009).

    Google Scholar 

  26. B. R. Rees, Pelagius: Life and Letters (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Saxony, Germany: Charlemagne—Capitulatio De Partibus Saxoniae” in Love To Know 1911 (LoveToKnow Free Online Encyclopedia, 1911).

    Google Scholar 

  28. G. E. Von Grunebaum, Classical Islam, trans. Katherine Watson, 1st ed. (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1970), 14–24, 36–40;

    Google Scholar 

  29. W. Montgomery Watt, Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), 5;

    Google Scholar 

  30. Cecil Roth, A History of the Jews, rev. ed. (New York: Schocken Books, 1974), 145–46;

    Google Scholar 

  31. Michael Avi-Yonah, “Byzantine Jerusalem,” in Jerusalem (Jerusalem: Keter Books, 1973), 47.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Sayyid Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Lebbai, A Compendium of Muslim Theology and Jurisprudence, trans. Saifuddin J. Aniff-Doray, 2nd ed. (Kuala Lumpur: A. S. Noordeen, 1999), 22.

    Google Scholar 

  33. ‘Abdur Rahman I Doi, Shari‘ah: The Islamic Law, 1st ed. (Kuala Lumpur: A. S. Noordeen, 1984), 382.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ewart Lewis, Medieval Political Ideas, 2 vols., vol. 2 (New York: A. A. Knopf., 1954).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Moses Maimonides, Mishneh Torah: The Laws of Kings and Their Wars, ed. and trans. Eliyahu Touger, First of new translation with commentaries, 14 vols., vol. 14 (New York: Moznaim Publishing Corp., 1987), 234–36.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Generally, powers of great evil, but interpreted variously. Eliyahu Touger, ed. Maimonides Mishneh Torah (New York: Moznaim, 1987). Cites Malachi 3:22, wars of, making God’s power known throughout the world, s.v. “Gog and Magag,” in the Oxford Concise Dictionary of the Christian Church, ed. Elizabeth A. Livingstone (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977). Cites Rev. 20:8. Two powers under the domination of Satan, s.v. “Gog and Magog,” in The Jewish Religion: A Companion, ed. Louis Jacobs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995). Cites Ezekiel 38, 39, prophesying defeat of ruler and country by Israel, followed by reign of God.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pope Nicholas V, “Dum Diversas. Bull,” in Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, ed. Paul Halsall (London: George Bell 1910).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Frances Gardiner Davenport, European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies (Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1917);

    Google Scholar 

  39. Steve Newcomb, “Five Hundred Years of Injustice: The Legacy of Fifteenth Century Religious Prejudice,” Shaman’s Drum (Fall 1992): 18–20.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Saint Benedictus, The Rule of St. Benedict., trans. Anthony C. Meisel, and M. L. Del Mastro (Garden City, New York: Image Books, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Martin Luther, Martin Luther: Selections from His Writings, ed. John Dillenberger (New York: Doubleday-Anchor 1961), 5.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Pope Alexander VI, “Inter Caetera,” Manataka American Indian Council, http://www.manataka.org/page155.html; Steven T. Newcomb, Pagans in the Promised Land, 1st ed. (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 2008), 31–50.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Paul Gottschalk, The Earliest Diplomatic Documents on America: The Papal Bulls of 1493 and the Treaty of Tordesillas Reproduced and Translated (Berlin: Paul Gottschalk, 1927).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Tracy Assing, “With a Carib Eye: Review of Forte, M. C., Ruins of Absence,” The Caribbean Review of Books, no. 7 (2006): 18; Angelo J. Disalvo, “Spanish Dominicans, the Laws of the Indies and the Establishment of Human Rights,” Romance Quarterly 40, no. 2 (1993): 91.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Tracy Assing, “With a Carib Eye: Review of Forte, M. C., Ruins of Absence,” The Caribbean Review of Books, no. 7 (2006): 18; Angelo J. Disalvo, “Spanish Dominicans, the Laws of the Indies and the Establishment of Human Rights,” Romance Quarterly 40, no. 2 (1993): 91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Pope Paul III, “Sublimus Dei: The Enslavement and Evangelizatiom of Indians” (Rome: The Vatican: Papal Encyclicals, 1537).

    Google Scholar 

  47. Newcomb, Pagans in the Promised Land, 50. Quoting from John Keats, Eminent Domain: The Louisiana Purchase and the Making of America. (New York: Charterhouse, 1973), 62.

    Google Scholar 

  48. J. C. Revill, World History (London: Longmans, Green, 1953), 275.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Sam Kobia, “Denominationalism in Africa,” The Ecumenical Review/World Council of Churches 53, no. 3 (2001).

    Google Scholar 

    Google Scholar 

  50. Sergio I. Minerbi, The Vatican and Zionism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 96.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Citing Civilta Cattolica 1897 and Herzl Museum, “Herzl’s Diaries” (Jerusalem: Department for Zionist Activities of the World Zionist Organization, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Meir Meiseles, Judaism Thought and Legend: An Anthology, trans. Rebecca Schonfeld-Brand and Aryeh Newman, 1st ed. (Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers, 1964; rpt., 1977), 209–303; 575.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Michael A. Meyer, Response to Modernity: A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism, 1st ed. (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1995; rpt. 1995), 74–78.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State, trans. Sylvie D’Avigdor (American Zionist Emergency Council, 1946).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Alfred M. Lilienthal, The Zionist Connection: What Price Peace? (New York: Middle East Perspective Inc., 1979), 14.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Alfred M. Lilienthal, What Price Israel? (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1953), 12. The countries were England, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, Austria, and Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin, eds., The Israel-Arab Reader, 4th rev. ed. (New York: Pelican, 1984), 17, Doc.7.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry (Oxford: Oxford, 1991), 254.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Edward Said, The Question of Palestine (New York: Vintage Books, 1980), 99.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Joseph Weitz, My Diaries and Letters to the Children, vol. II (Tel Aviv: Massada, 1965), 181–82.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Z. A. B. Zeman, A Diplomatic History of the First World War (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), 338–39.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Mark Aarons and John Loftus, The Secret War against the Jews, 1st ed. (Melbourne: William Heinemann, 1994), 168–70.

    Google Scholar 

  63. See also Ian Fry, Trouble in the Triangle: Christians, Jews and Muslims in Conflict, 2 vols., vol. 2 (Fitzroy: Compton Arch, 2000/2), pp. 1475–83, 1955–56, for details of the disproportionate representation of WWCB states in the United Nations at that time.

    Google Scholar 

  64. U.S. Cabinet Task Force, “The Oil Import Question: A Report on the Relationship of Oil Imports to the National Security” (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Cabinet Task Force on Oil Imports Control, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Mark Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 448.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Luca Einaudi, “The Generous Utopia of Yesterday Can Become the Practical Achievement of Tomorrow”: 1000 Years of Monetary Union in Europe,”, National Institute Economic Review (2000).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Shireen Hunter, Opec and the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984), 178.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Ian Seymour, Opec: Instrument of Change, 1st ed. (London: Macmillan, 1980), 236–39.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  69. Rob Edwards, “Final Destination Iran?” Sunday Herald Scotland, March 14, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Luca Anceschi Joseph Anthony Camilleri Ruwan Palapathwala Andrew Wicking

Copyright information

© 2011 Luca Anceschi, Joseph A. Camilleri, Ruwan Palapathwala, and Andrew Wicking

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fry, I.R. (2011). Broken Covenants and Broken Relationships: Guidelines for Cooperation in a World in Transition. In: Anceschi, L., Camilleri, J.A., Palapathwala, R., Wicking, A. (eds) Religion and Ethics in a Globalizing World. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230117686_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics