Abstract
Joseph Kabila was ready to get the Lusaka peace process started again. In so doing, he encouraged the implementation of the Harare disengagement plan that had been signed in December 2000. The plan emphasized the observation of a ceasefire, the pushing back of troops 15 kilometers (9 miles) away from the front lines, the deployment of a peacekeeping force, the withdrawal of foreign troops, and the disarmament and demobilization of the militias. The overall prospect looked promising soon after the younger Kabila took power. Two weeks after his father’s assassination, there were no ceasefire violations by the belligerents.1 Shortly after the meeting with Kabila in New York on February 2, Kofi Annan released a statement saying, “Once a ceasefire has been definitively established, the parties can proceed in carrying out the disengagement of forces they agreed to in Harare on December 6, 2000.”2 Annan explained that the concept of the UN mission in the DRC had to be modified in light of the experience gained in the fifteen months since the initial phase of deployment commenced.
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Notes
UN secretary general, “Moment of Opportunity ‘Must Be Seized’ by DRC, Says Secretary-General in Statement to Security Council,” February 2, 2001. In a report that followed, Annan proposed the elements of revised concept of operations enabling the MONUC to deploy more fully in support of the disengagement plan. He asked the Security Council to consider this concept carefully and adopt it, adding, “I look forward to the early withdrawal of all foreign forces from the DRC, as provided for by the Lusaka agreement. In future phases of its operations-with the approval of the Security Council—the MONUC will be ready to deploy to assist in this important objective. The commitment to peace we have observed on the part of the new government is welcome for many reasons. A cessation of hostilities would permit humanitarian agencies to gain access to populations in need. Greater attention could be paid to human rights and the rights of children, including child soldiers, once the fighting has stopped. Finally, it is only right for me to wish President Kabila every success.”
UN-DPI, “DRC: UN Peacekeeping Plans Revised to Seize Change for Peace,” February 12, 2001.
AFP, “UN Team in Kinshasa to Assess Plans for Peacekeeping Force,” February 14, 2001.
UN Security Council, “S.C. Demands Disengagement in DRC; Urges Adoption of Complete Withdrawal Plans by May 15,” February 22, 2001.
UN-DPI, “DRC: UN Team Heads to Pweto to Monitor Pullout of Rwandan Troops,” February 23, 2001.
U.S. Department of State, “U.S. Urges Withdrawal of Foreign Forces from Congo,” March 15, 2001.
AFP, “UN Peacekeepers Set to Deploy in Rebel-Held Parts of DRC,” March 18, 2001.
IRIN-CEA, DRC: Kabinda Emerges from Siege, April 26, 2001.
PANA, “Some Congolese Have Doubts about the Rwandan Pullout from the DRC,” March 22, 2001.
UN-DPI, “Security Council Urges Forces in the DR of Congo to Respect the Disengagement Schedule,” March 30, 2001.
AFP, “Ugandan-Backed Rebels Block Deployment of UN Observers in DRC,” April 29, 2001.
AFP, “Western Ambassadors in ‘Frank’ Talks with DR Congo Rebel Leaders,” April 1, 2001.
IRIN-SA, “DRC-Southern Africa: Progress on Peace Process,” May 23, 2001.
AFP, “DR Congo Government Calls on UN to Remove Rebel Troops,” July 18, 2001.
AFP, “UN Says Rebels Continue to Run Civilian Administration of DR Congo City,” June 13, 2001.
AFP, “UN Special Envoy in DRC Rebel Headquarters,” July 15, 2001.
AFP, “Pressure Mounts on DRC Rebels to Pull Troops out of Kisangani,” August 1, 2001.
AFP, “Encouraging Signs in DR Congo: Troops Pull Out,” March 27, 2001.
AFP, “First UN Troops to Deploy in Eastern DR Congo, Says Mission Chief,” March 28, 2001.
AFP, “UN Ready to Deploy in Key Congolese Town after Rwandan Withdrawal,” February 7, 2001.
PANA, “Kabila Hopeful Kagame Will Join Peace Process,” February 16, 2001.
UN-DPI, “DR of Congo: First 1,500 UN Troops To Be Deployed before Month’s End,” March 7, 2001.
AFP, “First UN Contingent Starts Deploying in Eastern DR Congo,” March 29, 2001.
AFP, “Second Unit of Uruguayan UN Blue Helmets Deploys in DR Congo,” March 31, 2001.
PANA, “DR Congo: Over Sixty South African Soldiers Deployed,” May 4, 2001.
UN-DPI, “Annan Sees Hopeful Signs on DRC, But Says Challenges Remain,” May 11, 2001.
AFP, “Uganda to Pull Out of DR Congo and Peace Process, Says Museveni,” April 29, 2001.
PANA, “DR Congo: Young Kabila Urges Army to Recapture Rebel-Held Territory,” January 20, 2001.
AFP, “Uganda to Pull Out of DR Congo and Peace Process, Says Museveni,” April 29, 2001.
UN-DPI, “Uganda’s Pullout from Lusaka Accord ‘Not Necessarily a Setback.’ Says Annan.” April 30. 2001.
Reuters, “Rwanda Completes Withdrawal of Congo Battalion,” March 22, 2001.
PANA, “Kagame Refuses to Withdraw Troops from DR Congo,” April 9, 2001.
IRIN-SA, “Zimbabwe in DRC: Harare to Withdraw 5,000 Troops,” April 5, 2001.
IRIN-SA, “Southern Africa: IRIN News Briefs,” June 21, 2001.
AFP, “Angolan Sending Reinforcement to DR Congo,” January 22, 2001.
AFP, “Angola’s Parliament to Debate Troops’ Presence in DR Congo,” April 6, 2001.
Government of Angola, “FAA Soldiers Will Leave Congo in Due Time,” April 11, 2001.
The ministers were also to receive reports from various delegations on how the troop disengagement and redeployment exercise that ended on March 29 had proceeded and then look at the next stage of the peace process. See AFP, “DR Congo Combatants Discuss Foreign Troop Withdrawal,” April 6, 2001.
IRIN-SA, “Zimbabwe-DRC: Plan for Withdrawal of Foreign Forces,” April 9, 2001.
AFP, “South African Deputy President Visits DR Congo,” July 17, 2001.
UN Security Council, “Briefing by Special Representative for DRC Calls on All Parties to Cooperate Fully with MONUC,” July 24, 2001.
International Crisis Group, “No Peace without Disarmament in the Congo,” June 12, 2001.
AFP, “DRC Summit Participants Agree on Disarming Rwandan Hutus, Say Rebels,” February 16, 2001.
UN-DPI, “Security Council Discusses Report on Next Phase of UN Mission in DRC,” June 12, 2001.
Reuters, “African Ministers Discuss Congo Peace Plan,” May 21, 2001.
Reuters, “Annan in Talks to Disarm Congo Militia,” July 10, 2001.
PANA, “Rwandan Army Hunts Down Hutu Rebels,” May 22, 2001.
PANA, “Fighting Raging in Eastern DRC,” February 20, 2001.
AFP, “Heavy Fighting in Rwanda after Insurgents Enter from DR Congo,” May 22, 2001.
IRIN-CEA, “Peace in Congo May Prolong War in Burundi,” April 18, 2001.
PANA, “Mayi-Mayi Attack Rebel Bastion in Eastern DR Congo,” February 18, 2001.
HRW, “Congo: Massacres in Ugandan-Controlled Areas,” January 22, 2001.
UNHCR, “Briefing Notes: Guinea, Uganda, Chechnya,” January 23, 2001.
Amnesty International, “Uganda Must Act Now to Halt Further Slaughter in the DRC,” January 24, 2001.
HRW, “Ugandan Occupation Worsens Congo’s Problems,” March 28, 2001.
European Union, “Declaration by the Presidency on Behalf of the EU on the Hema-Lendu Conflict in the Northeastern DRC,” February 1, 2001.
AFP, “Rival Tribes in Northeast DR Congo Agree to Restore Peace,” February 18, 2001. The tensions were also exacerbated by a dispute with Wamba’s RCD, which controlled the area until the previous month. The squabbling had led to a power vacuum in Bunia, which had no real political administration since August of the previous year. On January 2001, Wamba’s two deputies signed a merger pact with Bemba to create the FLC, which has since taken over the administration of the area.
Amnesty International, “DR Congo: Government Must End the Torture and Killing of Suspected Opponents,” March 28, 2001.
IRIN, “DRC: Rights Group Concerned over Disappearance, detentions,” May 11, 2001.
AFP, “DRC Rebels Rebuff Charges of Human Rights Abuses,” March 15, 2001.
HRW, “Eastern Congo: Rebel Persecution of Rights Activists,” August 21, 2001.
OCHA, “Women Facing War in Congo,” March 6, 2001.
Amnesty International, “DRC: A Weapon of War against Unarmed Civilians,” June 26, 2001.
AFP, “Mai-Mai Expected to Release Hostages Soon, Say DRC Rebels,” May 21, 2001.
Amnesty International, “Rwandese-Controlled Eastern DRC: Devastating Human Toll,” June 19, 2001.
AFP, “Ugandan Army Deployed to End DRC Witchhunt in Which 800 Were Killed,” July 12, 2001.
Reuters, “Officer Says Congo Witchhunt Kills Almost 400,” July 4, 2001.
HRW, “DR Congo: Rwanda Responsible for Severe Abuses,” February 1, 2001.
UN-DPI, “Annan: Instruments to Protect Civilians in Wartime Must Be Updated,” April 10, 2001.
UNHCR, “Briefing Notes: FYR of Macedonia/Serbia, Ecuador/Colombia, Eritrea/Sudan, CAR/Congo DRC,” July 20, 2001.
UNHCR, “Briefing Notes: European Asylum, Guinea, Congolese Refugees, Pakistan, Assistant High Commissioner in Zambia,” January 26, 2001.
European Community Humanitarian office (ECHO), “Commission Approves Humanitarian Aid Worth $5.5 million,” January 29, 2001.
CARITAS-France, “Congo: Support for 50,000 Refugees in Likouala Region,” August 1, 2001.
Reuters, “Worried Congolese Head to Zambia after Kabila’s Death,” January 19, 2001.
AFP, “Two-Hundred DRC Refugees Flee to Zambia after Kabila’s Assassination,” February 1, 2001.
Xinhua, “U.S. Donates $200,000 to Congolese Refugees in Zambia,” January 25, 2001.
Xinhua, “U.S. Donates Money to Refugees in Zambia,” July 19, 2001.
PANA, “Germans Offer $240,000 for Congolese Refugees,” February 14, 2001.
IRIN-SA, “Zambia: Refugees Face Severe Food Shortages,” March 13, 2001.
AFP, “Surrounded by Violence, DR Congo Refugees Seek Shelter in Angola,” August 31, 2001.
AFP, “Zimbabwe Detains Thirty Refugees from Africa’s Great Lakes,” February 1, 2001.
PANA, “Fear after the Death of Kabila Creates an Influx of Refugees into Malawi,” January 24, 2001.
AFP, “DR Congo Refugees Spark Diplomatic Row in Malawi,” April 17, 2001.
UNHCR, “DR Congo: The Impact on Refugees,” January 24, 2001.
AFP, “2,600 Refugees from Burundi and DRC Flee to Tanzania,” March 6, 2001.
Xinhua, “UNHCR Calls for Prudence on Repatriation of Congolese Refugees in Tanzania,” March 30, 2001.
Xinhua, “France to Donate Food for Refugees in Tanzania,” April 11, 2001.
U.S. Department of State, “U.S. Contributing Additional $26 Million in FY 2001 to UNHCR,” April 11, 2001.
Reuters International, “Children’s Book Project: Life in Nyaragusu Refugee Camp,” August 14, 2001.
Xinhua, “Tanzania Plagued by Roaming Refugees,” January 29, 2001.
Xinhua, “Tanzania Order Refugees to Go Back to Camps,” May 21, 2001.
Xinhua, “UNHCR Supports Repatriation of Refugees in Tanzania,” June 28, 2001.
AFP, “DR Congo Ethnic Fighting Sends 6,000 Fleeing to Uganda,” January 19, 2001.
UNHCR, “Briefing Notes: Guinea, Uganda, Chechnya,” January 23, 2001. Before their transfer to the transit center, some refugees were sleeping in the open.
U.S. Committee for Refugees, “USCR Country Report on Uganda: Statistics on Refugees and Other Uprooted People,” June 2001.
UNHCR, “Refugees Flee DRC for Uganda: ‘All My People Are Gone,’” March 8, 2001.
WFP, “Appeals for More Aid to Continue Feeding Nearly 700,000 Refugees and Displaced Persons in Uganda,” March 12, 2001.
Reuters, “Refugee Report Rapes Fuel AIDS in Africa’s War Zones, June 20, 2001.
Oxfam, “One Man Is Dead but Thousands of Others Are Dying,” January 19, 2001.
WFP, “Increasing Food Assistance on the Frontline in the Northern DRC,” June 8, 2001.
WFP, “Barge Carries Food to Tens of Thousands on DRC Frontlines,” July 31, 2001.
AFP, “WFP Begins Massive Airlift into Ravaged Southeastern DR Congo,” January 19, 2001.
World Vision, “World Vision Launches New Response to IDPs in Government-Held DRC,” July 30, 2001.
AFP, “DR Congo’s Volatile Ituri Province,” April 27, 2001.
Action against Hunger, “AAH Assists Refugees Fleeing from Ethnic Clashes in the DRC,” February 5, 2001.
AFP, “Uganda Begins Probe on DR Congo Looting Allegations,” July 19, 2001.
Reuters, “Uganda and Rwanda Deny Plundering Congo,” April 17, 2001.
AFP, “Uganda to Send Officials to Defend Its Case at UN Security Council,” April 20, 2001.
AFP, “Rwanda Asks UN to Reject Report on Mineral Looting in DR Congo,” April 26, 2001.
AFP, “DRC Rebels Head to UN Security Council to Rebuff Looting Charges,” May 2, 2001.
HRW, “Congo: Resource Exploitation Exacerbates Civilian Suffering,” April 20, 2001. The UN panel charged Rwanda with using prisoners from its jails to mine resources in the eastern DRC.
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© 2011 François Ngolet
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Ngolet, F. (2011). Upheaval in Joseph Kabila’s Congo. In: Crisis in the Congo. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230116252_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230116252_9
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