Abstract
Since the end of the cold war, understandings of global politics in the West and conceptualizations of national sover-eignty have begun to transform from Westphalian “state” politics to post-Westphalian “global” governance and from “nonintervention” to “humanitarian intervention” as well as stressing “human security” over “national security.” The significance of nonstate actors in managing global affairs is concomitantly on the rise. National sovereignty is now limited by a widely held notion of “responsibility to protect,” whereby the international community is obliged to intervene in the internal affairs of any nation-states if they fail to respect and protect the human rights of the people within their territorial jurisdictions. While these conceptual changes have been evolving in the West and in international organizations since the 1990s, China has proactively engaged with the world. This engagement has resulted in a bitter encounter between the Chinese pro-Westphalian conception of the state and national sovereignty and the emerging global norms and rules. It has subsequently stirred up debate among Chinese scholars and policy makers about the long-standing concept of Westphalian sovereignty.
State sovereignty, in its most basic sense, is being redefined—not least by the forces of globalisation and international co-operation.
—Kofi Annan, 19991
Politically, all countries should respect each other and conduct consultations on an equal footing in a common endeavor to promote democracy in international relations.
—Hu Jintao, 20072
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
James N. Rosenau, “Governance in the Twenty-First Century,” in The Global Governance Reader, ed. Rorden Wilkinson (London: Routledge, 2005), 45–46.
James N. Rosenau, “Governance in a New Global Order,” in Governing Globalisation: Power, Authority and Global Governance, ed. David Held and Anthony McGrew (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 72.
Gerry Stoker, “Governance as Theory: Five Propositions,” International Social Science Journal 50, no. 155 (1998): 17.
Meghnad Desai, “Global Governance,” in Global Governance: Ethics and Economics of the World Order, ed. Meghnad Desai and Paul Redfern (London: Pinter, 1995), 19.
Commission on Global Governance, Our Global Neighbourhood (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 2.
Robert O. Keohane, “Political Authority after Intervention: Gradations in Sovereignty,” in Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas, ed. J.L. Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 275–98.
Leon Gordenker and Thomas G. Weiss, “Pluralizing Global Governance: Analytical Approaches and Dimensions,” in NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance, ed. Thomas G. Weiss and Leon Gordenker (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), 17.
Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, 3rd ed. (Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 4–8.
See Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1992).
For the more dramatic versions of “retreat” argument, see Kenichi Ohmae, The End of the Nation State: The Rise of Regional Economics (London: Harper Collins, 1996)
W.B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution is Transforming Our World (New York: Charles Scribner’s Son, 1992).
Robert Gilpin, “A Realist Perspective on International Governance,” in Governing Globalisation: Power, Authority and Global Governance, ed. David Held and Anthony McGrew (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 237–48
Kenneth N. Waltz, “Globalisation and Governance,” PS: Political Science and Politics 32, no. 4 (1999): 693–700.
Georg Sørensen, The Transformation of the State: Beyond the Myth of Retreat (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004)
Anne-Marie Slaughter, “The Real New World Order,” Foreign Affairs 76, no. 5 (1997): 183–97
Slaughter, A New World Order (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2004).
The UN Global Compact is one of the initiatives to expand the public accountability of private firms, and to promote private and public partnerships. It has been shown that private firms can play a substantial role in areas that the public sector is unable or unwilling to perform, for example, in the area of HIV/AIDS. This new global public domain is not to replace states, but to embed systems of governance in a broader global framework of social capacity and agency that did not previously exist. See John Gerard Ruggie, “Reconstituting the Global Public Domain—Issues, Actors, and Practices,” European Journal of International Relations 10, no. 4 (2004): 499–531.
James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds., Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992)
James N. Rosenau, “Toward an Ontology for Global Governance,” in Approaches to Global Governance Theory (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), 287–301.
Stephen D. Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 25.
Stephen D. Krasner, “Compromising Westphalia,” International Security 20, no. 3 (Winter 1995/6): 115.
Sorensen, Transformation of the State, 60–61. Accordingly, the number of IGOs has grown remarkably from only 37 at the beginning of the twentieth century to 1,830 in 1996 and 7,459 in 2007. See The Yearbook of International Organizations: Guide to Global and Civil Society Networks, 2008–2009 (Brussels: Union of International Organizations, 2008), Vol. 5, Figure 0.1.1: 3; and David Held and Anthony McGrew, “Introduction,” in Governing Globalisation: Power, Authority and Global Governance, ed. David Held and Anthony McGrew (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2002), 7.
Abram Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 26.
Robert O. Keohane, “Sovereignty in International Society,” in The Global Transformations Reader: An Introduction to the Globalisation Debate, 2nd ed., ed. David Held and Anthony McGrew (Cambridge: Polity, 2003), 147–61, quotations on p. 155.
Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), 3.
Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985), 334.
Robert Jackson, “Sovereignty in World Politics: A Glance at the Conceptual and Historical Landscape,” Political Studies 47, no. 3 (1999): 431–56.
See Nicholas J. Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001), xi, http://www.iciss.ca/report-en.asp (accessed February 6, 2010).
Ramesh Thakur, The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 255.
World Bank, Sub-Saharan Africa: From Crisis to Sustainable Growth. A Long-Term Perspective Study (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1989).
Asian Development Bank, Governance: Sound Development Management (Manila: Asian Development Bank, 1995)
World Bank, Governance and Development (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1992)
World Bank, Governance: The World Bank’s Experience (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1994)
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), Reconceptualising Governance (New York: Bureau for Policy and Program Support, UNDP, 1999).
W. Andy Knight, “Democracy and Good Governance,” in The Oxford Handbook on The United Nations, ed. Thomas G. Weiss and Sam Daws (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 620–33.
David Williams, “Aid and Sovereignty: Quasi-States and the International Financial Institutions,” Review of International Studies 26, no. 4 (2000): 573.
See James N. Rosenau, “Governance, Order, and Change in World Politics,” in Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, ed. James N. Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 1–29.
Samuel Makinda, “Recasting Global Governance,”in New Millennium, New Perspectives: The United Nations, Security, and Governance, ed. Ramesh Thakur and Edward Newman (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2000), 166–67.
Torbjørn L. Knutsen, The Rise and Fall of World Orders (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999), 63.
Martha Finnemore and Kathryn Sikkink, “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change,” International Organization 52, no. 4 (Autumn 1998): 887–917.
Craig N. Murphy, “Global Governance: Poorly Done and Poorly Understood,” International Affairs 76, no. 4 (2000): 797.
Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall, “Powerin Global Governance,” in Power in Global Governance, ed. Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 2.
Margaret P. Karns and Karen A. Mingst, International Organizations: The Politics and Processes of Global Governance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2004), 30–31.
Robert Cox, Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), 1.
Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
Henry Kissinger, The World Restored (New York, Grosset Dunlap, 1964), 2.
A.F.K. Organski, World Politics (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958)
Ronald L. Tammen, Jacek Kugler, Douglas Lemke, Allan C. Stam III, and Mark Abdollahian et al., Power Transitions: Strategies for the 21st Century (New York: Chatham House Publishers of Seven Bridges Press, 2000).
Yongjin Zhang, China in International Society since 1949: Alienation and Beyond (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1998), 8.
Jonathan D. Spence, The Search for Modern China, 2nd ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999), 160–66.
Yongnian Zheng, Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China: Modernization, Identity, and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 23.
Some scholars have examined how the concept of power politics has been internalized in Chinese society. See, for instance, Rana Mitter, “An Uneasy Engagement: Chinese Ideas of Global Order and Justice in Historical Perspective,” in Order and Justice in International Relations, ed. Rosemary Foot, John Gaddis, and Andrew Hurrell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)
Shogo Suzuki, “China’s Perceptions of International Society in the Nineteenth Century: Learning More about Power Politics?” Asian Perspective 28, no. 3 (2004): 115–44.
Samuel Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), 47.
Zhang, China in International Society since 1949.
Ronald Keith, The Diplomacy of Zhou Enlai (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989), 10.
Bates Gill, Rising Star: China’s New Security Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2007), 107.
Rana Mitter, “An uneasy engagement: Chinese Ideas of Global Order and Justice in Historical Perspective,” in Order and Justice in International Relations, ed. Rosemary Foot, John Gaddis, and Andrew Hurrell (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 221.
Yu Keping, “Quanqiu zhili yinlun” [Introduction to global governance], Makesizhuyi yu xianshi [Marxism and Reality], no. 1 (2002): 20–32; reprinted as “Weisheme quanqiu zhili shi biyaodi yu jinpodi?” [Why is Global Governance Necessary and Pressing?], in zuanqiuhua, fan quanqiuhuayu zhongguo: lijie quanqiuhua di fuzaxing yu duoyangxing [Globalization, Anti-Globalization and China: Understanding the Complexity and Diversity of Globalization], Ed. Pang Zhongying (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 2002), 313–44.
This section draws partly on Lai-Ha Chan, Pak K. Lee, and Gerald Chan, “Rethinking Global Governance: A China Model in the Making?” Contemporary Politics 14, no. 1 (2008): 3–19.
Rosemary Foot, “Chinese Strategies in a US-Hegemonic Global Order: Accommodating and hedging,” International Affairs 82, no. 1 (2006): 85.
Wang Yizhou, “Zhongguo waijiao siwei chuxian zhongyao bian-hua” [An Important Change in China’s Foreign Policy Thinking], Xinjiang shifan daxue xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban) [Xinjiang Normal University Journal (Philosophy and Social Science Edition)], no. 2 (2003): 73.
Reinhard Drifte, Japan’s Security Relations with China since 1989: From Balancing to Bandwagoning? (London and New York: Routledge Curzon, 2003), 36.
As Michael Yahuda notes, the new security concept “had an anti-American edge” at least until 2002. Michael Yahuda, “The Evolving Asian Order: The Accommodation of Rising Chinese Power,” in Power Shift: China and Asia’s New Dynamics, ed. David Shambaugh (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 356.
Wang Yong, “Lun zhongguo di xin anquan guan” [On China’s new security concept], Shijie jingji yu zhengzhi [World Economics and Politics], no. 1 (1999): 42–45
Wang Yizhou, Tanxun quanqui zhuyi guoji guanxi [International Relations in a Globalized Perspective] (Beijing: Beijing daxue chubanshe, 2005), 126.
A study of the concept in Western literature is Wu Baiyi, “The Chinese Security Concept and its Historical Evolution,” Journal of Contemporary China 10, no. 27 (May 2001): 275–83.
Cai Tuo, “Global Governance: The Chinese Angle of View and Practice,” Social Sciences in China 25, no. 2 (2004): 57.
Sun Hui and Yu Yu, “Guoji zhengfu zuzhi yu quanqiu zhili” [Intergovernmental Organizations and Global Governance], Tongji daxue xuebao (shehui kexueban) [Tongji University Journal (Social Science Section)] 15, no. 5 (October 2004): 48–53, 71
Wang Miao, “Quanqiu zhili zhong di guoji zuzhi—yi shijie weisheng zuzhi duikang SARS wei anli” [International Organizations and Global Governance: A Study of the World Health Organization in Fighting SARS], Jiaoxue yu yanjiu [Pedagogy and Research] no. 9 (September 2003): 36–41.
The Chinese proverb “Lingqi luzao” [setting up a separate kitchen] refers to the attempts to start all over again. Yang Chuang, “Guanyu zhongguo de waijiao zhanlue yu guoji zhixu lilun” [China’s Diplomatic Strategy and International Relations Theory), Waijiao xueyuan xuebao [Journal of China Foreign Affairs University], no. 78 (December 2004): 22–29
Men Honghua, “Zhongguo jueqi yu guoji zhixu” [The Rise of China and International Order], Taipingyang xuebao [Pacific Journal], no. 2 (2004): 4–13. Reprinted in Qin Yaqing, ed., Zhongguo xuezhe kan shijie 1: guoji zhixu juan [World Politics—Views from China, Vol. 1, International Order] (Hong Kong: Heping tushu youxian gongsi, 2006), 305–25.
Tiejun Zhang, “Self-Identity Construction of the Present China,” Comparative Strategy 23, no. 3 (2004): 281–301.
Alastair Iain Johnston and Paul Evans, “China’s Engagement with Multilateral Security Institutions,” in Engaging China: The Management of an Emergent Power, ed. Alastair Iain Johnston and Robert S. Ross (London and New York: Routledge, 1999), 258.
Su Changhe, “Shijie zhengzhi de zhuanhuan yu Zhongguo waijiao yanjiu zhong de wenti” [The Transformation of World Politics and Issues of Chinese Foreign Policy Research], Jiaoxue yu yanjiu [Pedagogy and Research], no. 11 (2005): 32–35.
Yu Zhengliang, Chen Yugang, and Su Changhe, 21 shiji quanqiu zhengzhi fanshi [A Study of Global Politics Paradigms in the 21st Century] (Shanghai: Fudan daxue chubanshe, 2005), 237–52.
Liu Dongguo, “Quanqiu zhili zhong de guannian jianggou” [The Construction of Ideas in Global Governance], Jiaoxue yu yanjiu [Pedagogy and Research], no. 4 (2005): 41–46.
Li Anshan, “Zhongguo yuanwai yiliaodui de lishi guimo ji qi yingx-iang” [The History, Scope and Effect of China’s Medical Aid], Waijiao pinglun (Foreign Affairs Review), no. 1 (2009): 25–45.
Copyright information
© 2011 Lai-Ha Chan
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chan, LH. (2011). China Meets Global Governance and Global Order: With or Against the Tide?. In: China Engages Global Health Governance. Palgrave Series on Asian Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230116245_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230116245_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-0-230-10430-3
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-11624-5
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)