Abstract
Conventionally, the international community referred to world governments with commonly shared duties and obligations in respect to protecting human rights and engaging or confronting totalitarian regimes—among other duties and obligations. A broader conception of the international community should include, in addition to the United Nations as the supreme intergovernmental organization, a multitude of nongovernmental actors such as transnational nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and transnational civil society activism. Such conceptualization is informed by contemporary global governance arrangements, including diverse non-governmental actors that also have responsibilities and duties in the world community.1
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Notes
Paul Kennedy, Dirk Messner and Franz Nuscheler’s Global Trends and Global Governance (London, Pluto Press, 2001)
Lisa Martin, Global Governance (Madison, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2008) are most instructive in this respect.
Christopher Clapham, African Guerrilla (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998): 5–6.
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Speech was delivered in a joint session of Congress and Senate held in January 8, 1918, http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/wilson-points.htm.
Link and others, The Papers of Woodrow Wilson 45 (Princeton University Press, 1984): 536.
Tilly, “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime,” in Bringing the State Back, ed. B. Evans et al. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985): 181–183.
Refer to Fukuyama, State-Building: A New Agenda. (Ithica, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004).
For example, Fukuyama. “The Imperative if State-building,” Journal of Democracy 15, no. 2 (April 2004): 17–31.
For example, J.J. Welling, “Non-governmental Organizations, Prevention, and Intervention in Internal Conflict: Through the Lens of Darfur,” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 14, no. 1 (Spring 2005, 147–179).
The European-Sudanese Public Affairs Council. The Darfur Crisis: Looking Beyond the Propaganda, London, March, 2004, p. 2.
Mohamed Salih, “Understanding the Conflict in Darfur,” Occasional Paper, Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen, May 2005, pp. 15–16.
Alex de Waal. “Briefing: Darfur, Sudan: Prospects for Peace,” African Affairs 104, no. 414 (Jan 2005): 127–135.
Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders (Ithica NY: Cornell University Press, 1998)
Ann Marie Clark, Elisabeth J. Friedman, and Kathryn Hoechstler, “The Sovereign Limits of Global Civil Society: A Comparison of NGO Participation in UN World Conferences on the Environment, Human Rights, and Women,” World Politics 51, no. 1 (1998): 1–35
Seyla Benhabib, The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004)
Clifford Bob, The Marketing of Rebellion: Insurgents, Media, and International Activism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
Thomas Olesen, “World Politics and Social Movements: The Janus Face of the Global Democratic Structure,” Global Society 19, no. 2 (2005): 109–129
Sidney Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)
A glimpse of the number of Darfur liberation movements could be seen in relations to the newly created Sudan Liberation Movement/Army SLM/A-Field Leadership, SLM/A-Unity Leadership, SLM/A-Juba of Mohamed Saleh Harba, SLM/A General Line, United Revolutionary Forces Front (URFF) and SLM/A Khamis Abakar. The United Resistance Front (URF) of Idriss Abu Garda, the SLM/A-Juba of Ahmed Abdel Shafi, and a group of SLM/A Unity Leadership led by Abdalla Yahiya did not sign Tripoli agreement. See Sudan Tribune September 3, 2009, URL: http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32317. Mohamed Salih, M A Understanding the Conflict in Darfur (Copenhagen, Centre of African Studies, Copenhagen University, 2005).
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© 2010 Jack Mangala
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Salih, M.A.M. (2010). Darfur and the International Community: Self-determination, State building, and “The Responsibility to Protect”. In: Mangala, J. (eds) New Security Threats and Crises in Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230115538_8
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