Abstract
The couple and family orientation of social life and the value attached to sociability make the family a main reference point in the aging process, and aging needs should thus be explored within the context of the family (Brubaker, 1990). Thus, in order to assure the quality of life of older people, and contribute to family cohesion and intergenerational family solidarity, societal and familial changes should be discussed and examined. These include changing demographics, particularly the phenomenon of global aging; changing family structures and support patterns; changing family preferences for care; increased participation of women (the traditional caregivers) in the labor force; changing economic patterns; changing living arrangements of older people; and globalization and technological changes. This chapter addresses most of these changes and their salience to intergenerational family solidarity and social solidarity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Antonucci, T. (2001). Social relations: An examination of social networks, social support and sense of control. In Handbook of the Psychology of Aging, 5th ed., J. E. Birren and.W. K. Schaie, eds. New York: Academic Press, pp. 427–453.
Barnett, R. C, N. L. Marshall, and J. H. Pleck (1992). Adult son-parent relationships and their associations with sons’ psychological distress. Journal of Family Issues, vol. 13, pp. 505–525.
Basavarajappa, K. G. (1998). Living arrangements and residential overcrowding among older immigrants in Canada. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 409–432.
Bengtson, V. L. (2000). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 63, no. 1. pp. 1–16.
Bengtson, V. L., R. Giarrusso, J. B. Mabry, and M. Silverstein (2002). Solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence: Complementary or competing perspectives on intergenerational relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 64, pp. 568–576.
Bengtson, V. L., R. Giarrusso, M. Silverstein, and H. Wang (2000). Families and intergenerational relationships in aging societies. Hallym International Journal of Aging, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 3–10.
Bengtson, V. L., and R. A. Harootyan (1994). Intergenerational linkages: Hidden connections in American society. New York: Springer.
Bengtson, V. L., A. Lowenstein, N. Putney, and D. Gans (2003). Global aging and the challenges to families. In Global aging and challenges to families, V. L. Bengtson and A. Lowenstein, eds. New York and Berlin: Aldine De Gruyter, pp. 1–26.
Bengston, V. L., and D. J. Mangen (1988). Family intergenerational solidarity revised: Suggestions for future management. In Measurement of intergenerational relations, D. J. Mangen, V. L. Bengston, and J. P. H. Landry, eds. Beverly Hills: Sage, pp. 222–238.
Bengtson, V. L., and T. M. Murray (1993). “Justice” across generations (and cohorts): Sociological perspectives on the life course and reciprocities over time. In The changing contract across generations, L. M. Cohen, ed. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 111–138.
Bengtson, V. L., and R. E. Roberts (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in aging families: An example of formal theory construction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 53, pp. 856–870.
Berkman, L. F., and I. Kawachi (2000). Social Epidemiology, New York: Oxford University Press.
Biggs, S., and J. L. Powell (2003). Older people and family in social policy. In Global aging and challenges to families, V. L. Bengtson and A. Lowenstein, eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 103–123.
Brackbill, Y., and D. Kitch (1991). Intergenerational Relationships: A Social Exchange Perspective on Joint Living Arrangements among the Elderly and their Relatives. Journal of Aging Studies, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 77–97.
Brody, E. M. (1981). Women in the middle and family help to older people. The Gerontologist, vol. 21, pp. 471–480.
Brubaker, T. H. (1990). Families in later life: A burgeoning research area. Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 52, pp. 959–981.
Casper, L. M., and S. M. Bianchi (2002). Continuity and change in the American family. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Clarke, E. J., M. Preston, J. Raksin, and V. L. Bengtson (1999). Types of conflicts and tensions between older parents and adult children. The Gerontologist, vol. 39, pp. 261–270.
Connidis, I. A. (2001). Family ties and aging. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 148–158.
Connidis, I. A., and J. McMullin (2002). Ambivalence, family ties, and doing sociology. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 64, pp. 594–601.
Cowgill, D. (1986). Aging around the world. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Crimmins, E. (2004). Trends in the health of the elderly. Annual Reviews of Public Health, vol. 25, pp. 79–98.
Daatland, S. O., and A. Lowenstein (2005). Intergenerational solidarity and the family—welfare state balance. European Journal of Aging, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 174–182.
De Jong Gierveld, J., and T. Van Tilburg (1999). Living arrangements of older adults in the Netherlands and Italy: Coresidence values and behavior and their consequences for loneliness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, vol. 14, pp. 1–24.
Domingo, L., and M. M. B. Asis (1995). Living arrangements and the flow of support between generations in the Philippines. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology, vol. 10, pp. 21–51.
Duval, R. (2004). Retirement behavior in OECD countries: Impact of old-age pension schemes and other social transfer programes. OECD Economic Studies, no. 37, pp. 7–50.
Fingerman, K. L., E. L. Hay, and K. S. Birditt (2004). The best of ties, the worst of ties: Close, problematic, and ambivalent social relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 66, pp. 792–808.
Fries, J. F. (1983). The compression of morbidity. The Milbank Memorial Bank Quarterly, vol. 61, pp. 397–419.
Glaser, K., C. Tomassini, and E. Grundy (2004). Revisiting convergence and divergence: Support for older people in Europe. European Journal of Aging, vol. 1, pp. 64–72.
Goodman, C., and M. Silverstein (2002). Grandmothers raising grandchildren. The Gerontologist, vol. 42, pp. 676–689.
Guberman, N., and P. Maheu (1999). Combining employment and caregivsing: An intricate juggling act. Canadian Journal on Aging, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 84–106.
Hagestad, G. O. (2003). Interdependent Lives and Relationships in Changing Times: A Life Course View of Families and Aging. In Invitation to The Life Course: Toward New Understandings of Later Life, R. A. Settersten, ed. New York: Baywood, pp. 135–159.
Hareven, T. K. (1995). Historical perspectives on the family and aging. In Handbook of aging and the family, R. Blieszner and V. H. Bedford, eds. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, pp. 13–31.
Harrigan, M. P. (1992). Advantages and disadvantages of multigenerational family households: Views of three generations. Journal of Applied Gerontology, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 457–474.
Hashimoto, A. (1991). Living arrangements of the aged in seven developing countries: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, vol. 6, pp. 359–381.
Himes, C. (1994). Parental caregiving by adult children: A demographic perspective. Research on Aging, vol. 16, pp. 191–211.
Hoff, A., and C. Tesch-Roemer (2007). Family relations and aging: Substantial changes since the middle of last century? In New dynamics in old age: Individual, environmental and societal perspectives, H.-W. Wahl, C. Tesch-Röemer and A. Hoff, eds. Amityville, NY: Baywood, pp. 65–83.
Ikkink, K. K., T. van Tilburg, and K. C. P. M. Knipscheer (1999). Perceived instrumental support exchanges in relationships between elderly parents and their adult children: Normative and structural explanations. Journal of Marriage and the family, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 831–844.
Katz, R., and A. Lowenstein (1999). Adjustment of older Soviet immigrant parents and their adult children residing in shared households. Family Relations, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 43–50.
Katz, R., S. O. Daatland, and Ariela Lowenstein (2003). Family norms and preferences in intergenerational relationship. In Global Aging and Challenges to Families, Vern L. Bengston and Ariela Lowenstein, eds. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, pp. 305–326.
Katz, R., A. Lowenstein, J. Phillips, and S. O. Daatland (2005). Theorizing intergenerational solidarity, conflict and ambivalence in a comparative cross-national perspective. In Sourcebook on family theory and research, V. L. Bengtson, A. C. Acock, K. R. Allen, P. Dilworth-Andersen, and D. M. Klein, eds. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 393–407.
Kauh, T. (1997). Intergenerational relations: Older Korean-Americans’ experiences. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, vol. 12, pp. 245–271.
Kinsella, K. (2000). Demographic dimensions of global aging. Journal of Family Issues, vol. 21, pp. 541–558.
Kinsella, K., and V. Velkoff (2001). An aging world: 2001. U.S. Census Bureau, Series P95/01–1. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Knodel, J., C. Saengtienchai, and W. Sittitrai (1995). Living arrangements of the elderly in Thailand: Views of the populace. Special Issue: Focus group research on the living arrangements of elderly in Asia. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology, vol. 10, pp. 79–111.
Kohler, H., F. C. Billari, and J. A. Ortega (2002). The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990’s. Population and Development Review, vol. 28, pp. 641–680.
Kohn, M. (1989). Cross national research in sociology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Koyano, W. (2003). Intergenerational relationships of Japanese seniors: Changing patterns. In Global aging and challenges to families, V. L. Bengtson and A. Lowenstein, eds. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, pp. 272–283.
Kritz, M. M., D. T. Gurakand, and L. Chen (2000). Elderly Immigrants: Their Composition and Living Arrangements. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 85–114.
Lee, G. R., J. K. Netzer, and R. T. Coward (1995). Depression among older parents: The role of intergenerational exchange. Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 57, pp. 823–833.
Lee, G. R., C.W. Peek, and R. T. Coward (1998). Race Differences in Filial Responsibility Expectations Among Older Parents. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 60, pp. 404–412.
Lieberman, M. A., and L. Fisher (1999). The Effects of Family Conflict Resolution and Decision Making on the Provision of Help for an Elder with Alzheimer’s Disease. The Gerontologist, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 159–166.
Litwin, H. (1995). Uprooted in old age. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Litwin, H. (1997). The network shifts of elderly immigrants: The case of Soviet Jews in Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, vol. 12, pp. 45–60.
Litwin, H. (2006). Social networks and self-rated health: A cross-cultural examination among older Israelis. Journal of Aging and Health, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 335–358.
Litwin, H., and S. Shiovitz-Ezra (2006). Network type and mortality risk in later life. The Gerontologist, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 735–743.
Lomas, J. (1998). Social capital and health: Implications for public health and epidemiology. Social Science and Medicine, vol. 47, pp. 1181–1188.
Loomis, L. S., and A. Booth (1995). Multigenerational caregiving and well-being: The myth of the beleaguered sandwich generation. Journal of Family Issues, vol. 16, pp. 131–148.
Lowenstein, A. (2000). Intergenerational family relations and social support. German Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology, vol. 32, pp. 202–210.
Lowenstein, A. (2005). Global aging and the challenges to families. In Cambridge handbook on age and aging, M. Johnson, V. L. Bengtson, P. G. Coleman, and T. Kirkwood, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 403–413.
Lowenstein, A. (2007). Solidarity-conflict and ambivalence: Testing two conceptual frameworks and their impact on quality of life for older family members. The Journal of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62: S100–S107.
Lowenstein, Ariela, and Svein O. Daatland (2006). Filial norms and family support in a comparative cross-national context: evidence from the OASIS study. Aging and Society, vol. 26, pp. 203–223.
Lowenstein, A., R. Katz, and S. O. Daatland (2004). Filial norms and intergenerational support in a comparative cross-national perspective. In Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, M. Silverstein, guest ed., vol. 24, pp. 200–224.
Lowenstein, A., R. Katz, and N. Gur-Yaish (2008). Cross-national variations in elder care: Antecedents and outcomes. In Caregiving contexts: Cultural, familial and societal implications, M. E. Szinovacz and A. Davey, eds. New York: Springer Publishing, pp. 93–114.
Lowenstein, A., R. Katz, D. Mehlhausen-Hassoen, and D. Prilutzky (2003). A comparative cross-national perspective on intergenerational solidarity and impact on elders’ life satisfaction. Reiterate de Societe, vol. 38, pp. 52–79.
Lüescher, K., and K. Pillemer (1998). Intergenerational ambivalence: A new approach to the study of parent-child relations in later life. Journal of Marriage & the Family, vol. 60, pp. 413–445.
Macmillan, R., and R. Copher (2005). Families in the Life Course: Interdependency of Roles, Role Configurations, and Pathways. Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 67, pp. 858–879.
Melucci, A. (1996). The Playing Self Person and Meaning in the Planetary Society, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Moon, J. H., and J. H. Pearl (1991). Alienation of elderly Korean American immigrants as related to place of residence, gender, age, years of education, time in the US, living with or without children, and living with or without a spouse. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 115–124.
Motel-Klingebiel, A., C. Tesch-Romer, and H. J. Kondratowitz (2005). Welfare states do not crowd out the family: evidence for mixed responsibility from comparative analysis. Aging and Society, vol. 25, pp. 863–882.
Parrott, T. M., and V. L. Bengtson (1999). The effects of earlier intergenerational affection, normative expectations and family conflict on contemporary exchanges of help and support. Research on Aging, vol. 21, pp. 73–105.
Parsons, T. (1955). The American family: Its relations to personality and the social structure. In Family, socialization and interaction process, T. Parsons and R. F. Bales, eds. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Phillipson, C. (2003). From family groups to personal communities: Social capital and social change in the family life of older people. In Global aging and challenges to families, V. L. Bengtson and A. Lowenstein, eds. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, pp. 54–74.
Pillemer, K., and K. Lüescher, eds. (2004). Intergenerational ambivalences: New perspective on parent-child relations in later life. Stamford, CT: Elsevier/JAI Press.
Pillemer, K., and J. J. Suitor (2002). Explaining mothers’ ambivalence toward their adult children, Journal of Marriage & the Family, vol. 64, pp. 602–613.
Pillemer, K., and J. J. Suitor (2005). Ambivalence in intergenerational relations over the life-course. In Intergenerational relations across time and place, M. Silverstein, R. Giarrusso, and V. L. Bengtson, eds. New York, NY: Springer, pp. 3–28.
Popenoe, D. (1993). American family decline, 1960–1990: A review and appraisal. Journal of Marriage and the Family, vol. 55, pp. 527–541.
Pruchno, R., C. J. Burant, and N. D. Peters (1997). Coping strategies of people living in multigenerational households: Effects on well-being. Psychology and Aging, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 115–124.
Rossi, A. S., and P. H. Rossi (1990). Of human bonding: Parent-child relations across the life course. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Silverstein, M., and V. L. Bengtson (1991). Do close parent-child relations reduce the mortality risk of older parents? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, vol. 32, pp. 382–395.
Skolnick, A. S., and J. H. Skolnick (1997). Family in Transition, 12th ed., New York: Longman.
Slonim-Nevo, V., J. Cwikel, H. Luski, M. Lankry, and Y. Shraga (1995). Caregiver burden among three-generation immigrant families in Israel. International Social Work, vol. 38, pp. 191–204.
Spillman, B. C, and L. E. Pezzin (2000). Potential and active family caregivers: Changing networks and the “sandwich generation.” The Milbank Quarterly, vol. 78, pp. 347–374.
Stacey, J. (1990). Brave new families: Stories of domestic upheaval in late twentieth-century America. Jackson, TN: Basic Books.
Sussman, M. B. (1991). Reflections on intergenerational and kin connections. In Families, intergenerational and generational connections, S. P. Pfeifer and M. B. Sussman, eds. New York: Haworth Press.
Suthers, K., J. K. Kim, and E. Crimmins (2003). Life expectancy with cognitive impairment in the older population of the United States. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, S179–S186.
Torres-Gil, F. M. (2005). Aging and public policy in ethnically diverse societies. In The Cambridge handbook of age and aging, M. J. Johnson, V. L. Bengtson, P. G. Coleman, and T. L. Kirkwood, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 670–681.
Umberson, D. (1992). Relationships between adult children and their parents: Psychological consequences for both generations. Journal of Marriage & the Family, vol. 54, pp. 664–674.
United Nations (2008). World population prospects: The 2008 revision population database. http://esa.un.org/unpp/.
United Nations (2007). World Economic and Social Survey 2007- Development in an Aging World. New York: United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
Walker, A. (2000). Sharing long-term care between the family and the state—a European perspective. In Who should care for the elderly? W. T. Liu and H. Kendig, eds. Singapore: Singapore University Press, pp. 78–106.
Willson, A. E., K. M. Shuey, and G. H. J. Elder (2003). Ambivalence in the relationship of adult children to aging parents and in-laws. Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 65, pp. 1055–1072.
Wolf, D. A. (2001). Population change: friend or foe of the chronic care system, Health Affairs, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 28–42.
Wolf, D. A., and S. S. Ballal (2006). Family support for older people in an era of demographic change and policy constraints. Aging and Society, vol. 26, pp. 693–706.
World Health Organization (2007). World Health Statistics 2007. www.who.int.
Yoo, S. H., and K. Sung (1997). Elderly Koreans’ tenwdency to live independently from their adult children: Adaptation to cultural differences in America. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, vol. 12, pp. 225–244.
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2010 María Amparo Cruz-Saco and Sergei Zelenev
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lowenstein, A. (2010). Determinants of the Complex Interchange among Generations. In: Cruz-Saco, M.A., Zelenev, S. (eds) Intergenerational Solidarity. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230115484_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230115484_4
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-29323-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-230-11548-4
eBook Packages: Palgrave Economics & Finance CollectionEconomics and Finance (R0)