The Qur’an and Religious Freedom

Abstract

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes religious freedom as a fundamental right. Other conventions and declarations also deal with its different dimensions and limitations. Nevertheless, in Islamic societies, the violation of this right was justified according to Shar’ia (Islamic law). Considering the diverse interpretations of Islamic scriptures, however, it is difficult to determine the exact view of Islam on the issue of religious freedom. Some Qur’anic verses reject compulsion in religion, while others denounce apostasy, which is turning back from religion. According to Shar’ia, apostasy is punishable by death or several civil sanctions. Does this view reflect and show the whole view of Islam? Or, can the Qur’anic texts be interpreted in a way that is not incompatible with religious freedom? How can we rethink Shar’ia to bring about a compromise between Islam and religious freedom?