Abstract
On a summer evening, a man enters a cave, carrying not only some minimal provisions (beer, potato crisps) but also candles, a typewriter, and paper. He types questions and awaits the answers, transmitted through his own typing (leaving in the resulting typescript “touch-typing mistakes of apparent oracular provenance”).1 His central question, one at which he has arrived only after crawling “through the tunnel of daylight” and having “reached the chorus of noise in this black cavity,” one that is refined and repeated over the course of his sojourn in the cave, is “How should I reform my life?”2 The man is driven to the question by his failings, most immediately a failure to act and help a victim of assault, but, it is suggested, also a series of failures in relationships. The cave’s oracle answers in typically cryptic fashion: “A ccp, nomayomopm pf/A combination of drips outside in the now dark tunnel sounded exactly li m like someone moving belongings out of a car,” and, later, “engage in hunting other things where settle son who speaks only once and that a moment of danger … your fate to have no son but he is the first person you meet after leaving your sperm in the cave…”3 The questioning man stays all night in the cave, moving deeper when beckoned by the oracle, losing along the way much of what he brought in with him—torch, crisps, candles, even the typewriter—and finding additional voices (especially that of a woman he has loved) and ever more elaborate answers to questions he cannot quite articulate.
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Notes
Douglas Oliver, In the Cave of Suicession (Cambridge, UK: Street Editions, 1974), 2.
Vergil, The Aeneid, trans. Robert Fitzgerald (New York: Random House/ Vintage, 1990), 164
Ronald Macdonald, The Burial-Places of Memory: Epic Underworlds in Vergil, Dante and Milton (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1987), 42.
David L. Pike, Passage through Hell: Modernist Descents, Medieval Underworlds (Ithaca.: Cornell University Press, 1997, 8).
Dennis D. Buchholz, Tour Eyes Will Be Opened: A Study of the Greek (Ethiopic) Apocalypse of Peter (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1988), 197–201.
Martha Himmelfarb, Tours of Hell: An Apocalyptic Form in Jewish and Christian Literature (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983)
Roger S. Wieck, “The Visions of Tondal and the Visionary Tradition in the Middle Ages,” in The Visions of Tondal from the Library of Margaret of York (Malibu, CA: Getty Museum, 1990), 3.
Gardiner, 163–64. For a study of Tondal that compares the text to other visions of Hell, see Howard Rollin Patch, The Otherworld: According to Descriptions in Medieval Literature (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950), 112–19.
Alice K. Turner, A Brief History of Hell (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1993), 159.
Dante, Inferno, trans. Allen Mandelbaum (New York: Bantam, 1982), 3.
George DeForest Lord, Trials of the Self: Heroic Ordeals in the Epic Tradition (New York: Archon, 1983), 219.
David L. Pike, Subterranean Cities: The World beneath Paris and London, 1800–1945 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005), 1.
Rosalind Williams, Notes on the Underground: An Essay on Technology, Society and the Imagination (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 55.
Jane Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, second edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1908), 74–76.
For a survey of nineteenth-century poets’ engagements with Dante, see Steve Ellis, Dante and English Poetry: Shelley to T. S. Eliot (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
Robert Graves, Fairies and Fusiliers (London: Heinemann, 1917), 63.
Wilfred Owen, The Collected Poems of Wilfred Owen, ed. C. Day Lewis (New York: New Directions, 1965), 35.
Jon Stallworthy, Wilfred Owen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974), 243–54.
Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), 3–35.
Doug Anderson, The Moon Reflected Fire (Farmington, ME: Alice James, 1994), 44.
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© 2009 Michael Thurston
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Thurston, M. (2009). Introduction. In: The Underworld in Twentieth-Century Poetry. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230102149_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230102149_1
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