Skip to main content

Sex, Divorce, and Women’s Waged Work: Private Lives and State Policy in the Early German Democratic Republic

  • Chapter
Gender Politics and Everyday Life in State Socialist Eastern and Central Europe

Abstract

In the 1950s, the relationship between the socialist state and East German society was highly fraught in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) alienated wide swaths of the population as it consolidated its grip on absolute power and carried out major transformations of social and economic relations.1 Tensions also swirled around family matters. In particular, the Ministry of Justice’s proposed liberalization of divorce law aroused popular anxiety. The main source of this opposition to divorce lay in older wives’ financial insecurities and sexual resentment toward unfaithful husbands and single women. Popular sympathy with older wives was bundled together with antagonism toward the socialist state’s encouragement of female employment and its alleged bias toward adulterous husbands.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Works that study the history of the GDR from a state/society perspective include: Richard Bessel and Ralph Jessen, eds., Die Grenzen der Diktatur. Staat und Gesellschaft in der DDR (Gottingen, 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Thomas Lindenberger, ed., Herrschaft und Eigen-Sinn in der Diktatur. Studien zur Gesellschaftsgeschichte der DDR, (Cologne, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Peter Hubner, Konsenz, Konflikt und Kompromiß. Soziale Arbeiterinteressen und Sozialpolitik in der SBZ/DDR 1945–1970 (Berlin, 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Konrad Jarausch, ed., Dictatorship as Experience: Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR (New York, 1999)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Patrick Major and Jonathan Osmond, eds., The Workers’ and Peasants’ State: Communism and Society in East Germany under Ulbricht 1945–1971 (Manchester, 2002).

    Google Scholar 

  6. See Carola Sachse, Der Hausarbeitstag. Gerechtigkeit und Gleichberechtigung in Ost und West 1939–1994 (Gottingen, 2002)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Donna Harsch, Revenge of the Domestic: Women, the Family, and Communism in the German Democratic Republic (Princeton, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mainstream social histories that incorporate gender include: Mary Fulbrook, Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–1989 (Oxford, 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lutz Niethammer, Alexander von Plato, and Dorothee Wierling, Die volkseigene Erfahrung. Eine Archäologie des Lebens in der Industrieprovinz der DDR (Berlin, 1991)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Andrew Port, Conflict and Stability in the German Democratic Republic (Cambridge, 2007)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Eric Weitz, Creating German Communism, 1890–1990 (Princeton, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  12. See Gisela Helwig and Hildegard Maria Nickel, eds., Frauen in Deutschland 1945–1992 (Berlin, 1993)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Heike Trappe, Emanzipation oder Zwang? Frauen in der DDR zwischen Beruf, Familie and Sozialpolitik (Berlin, 1995)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Karin Zachmann, Mobilisierung der Frauen. Technik, Geschlecht und Kalter Krieg in der DDR (Frankfurt/Main, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Annegret Schule, “Die Spinne”. Die Erfahrungsgeschichte weiblicher Industriearbeit im VEB Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei (Leipzig, 2001)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gunilla-Friederike Budde, Frauen der Intelligenz. Akademikerinnen in der DDR 1945 bis 1975 (Gottingen, 2003)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  17. Elizabeth D. Heineman, What Difference Does a Husband Make? Women in Nazi and Postwar Germany (Berkeley, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Elizabeth D. Heineman, “The Hour of the Woman: Memories of Germany’s ‘Crisis Years’ and West German National Identity,” The American Historical Review 101, no. 2 (April 1996): 354–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (Cambridge, 1995), 68–85, 75, 109, 91–93, 117, 104–05

    Google Scholar 

  20. Renate Genth and Ingrid Schmidt-Harzbach, “Kriegsende,” in Frauenpolitik und politisches Wirken von Frauen im Berlin der Nachkriegszeit 1945–1949, ed. Renate Genth, Reingart Jakl, Rita Pawlowski, Ingrid Schmidt-Harzbak, and Irene Stoehr (Berlin, 1997), 31–32

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ingrid Schmidt-Harzbach, “Eine Woche im April, Berlin 1945: Vergewaltigung als Massenschicksal,” Feministische Studien 2 (1984), 51–65.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Petra Pape, “Fluchtlinge und Vertriebene in der Provinz Mark Brandenburg,” in Sie hatten alles verloren. Flüchtlinge und Vertriebene in der sowjetischen Besatzungszone Deutschlands, ed. Manfred Wille, Johannes Hoffmann, and Wolfgang Meinicke (Wiesbaden, 1993), 123

    Google Scholar 

  23. Peter-Heinz Seraphim, Die Heimatvertriebenen in der Sowjetzone (Berlin 1954), 55, 15, 64.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Evemarie Badstubner, “‘Zeig’, Wie Das Leben Lacht und Liebt”. Die Unterhaltungszeitschrift Das Magazin und Ihre Leser zwischen 1954 und 1970,” in Befremdlich anders. Leben in der DDR, ed. Evemarie Badstubner (Berlin, 2000), 451–56.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Josie McClellan, “State Socialist Bodies: East German Nudism from Ban to Boom,” The Journal of Modern History 79, no.1 (March 2007): 58–62.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Rudolf Neubert, Das neue Ehebuch. Die Ehe als Aufgabe der Gegenwart und Zukunft (Rudolstadt, 1957), 184–86.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Dagmar Herzog, Sex after Fascism: Memory and Morality in Twentieth- Century Germany (Princeton, 2005).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Interview with Frau R. B. According to Cornelie Usborne, in contrast, proletarian women knew quite a lot about reproduction before 1933. See Cornelie Usborne, Cultures of Abortion in Weimar Germany (New York, 2007), 136–48.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Michael Wagner, Scheidung in Ost-und Westdeutschland Zum Verhältnis von Ehestabilität und Sozialstrucktur seit den 30er Jahren (Frankfurt, 1997), 165, 224, 240.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Friedrich W. Busch, Familienerziehung in der sozialistischen Pädagogik der DDR (Frankfurt, 1980 [orig. 1972]), 99, 103.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Gotz Schlicht, Das Familien- und Familienverfahrensrecht der DDR (Tubingen, Germany, 1970), 10.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Dr. Hilde Benjamin, “Die gesellschaftlichen Grundlagen und der Charakter des FGB-Entwurfs,” NJ, 1965, 228. Also see Gesine Obertreis, Familienpolitik in der DDR 1945–1980 (Opladen, Germany, 1986), 251–64.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Neubert, Ehebuch, 98–99; Rudolf Neubert, Die Geschlechterfrage: Ein Buch für junge Menschen (Rudolstadt, Germany, 1956), 75–77.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Atina Grossmann, Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920–1950 (Oxford, 1995), 145–49.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Mark Fenemore, Sex, Thugs, and Rock ‘N’ Roll: Teenage Rebels in Cold-War East Germany (New York, 2007), 138–48.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Also see Ute G. Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in a Divided Germany (Berkeley, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Peter G. Hesse, “Die Anfange der Sexuologie in der DDR,” in Sexuologie in der DDR, ed. Joachim Hohmann (Berlin, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Donna Harsch, “Society, the State, and Abortion in East Germany, 1950–1972,” The American Historical Review 102, no. 1 (February 1997): 53–84; Harsch, Revenge, 264–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Lothar Mertens, Wider die sozialistische Familiennorm. Ehescheidungen in der DDR, 1950–1989 (Opladen, Germany, 1998), 36, 66, 41–42, 77.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  40. Beatrix Bouvier, Die DDR—ein Sozialstaat? Sozialpolitik in der Ära Honecker (Bonn, 2002), 264–71, 244.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Winfried Thaa, Iris Hauser, Michael Schenkel, and Gerd Meyer, Gesellschaftliche Differenzierung und Legitimitätsverfall des DDR-Sozialismus (Tubingen, 1992), 172–77, 181–84.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Also see Ina Merkel, “Sex and Gender in the Divided Germany: Approaches to History from a Cultural Point of View,” in The Divided Past: Rewriting Post-war German History, ed. Christoph Klessmann (New York, 2001), 91–104.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Shana Penn Jill Massino

Copyright information

© 2009 Shana Penn and Jill Massino

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Harsch, D. (2009). Sex, Divorce, and Women’s Waged Work: Private Lives and State Policy in the Early German Democratic Republic. In: Penn, S., Massino, J. (eds) Gender Politics and Everyday Life in State Socialist Eastern and Central Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230101579_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230101579_7

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-37751-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-230-10157-9

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics