Abstract
In her history of the Bloomington schools, Raymond writes with passion and excitement about beginning this new position, but also honestly about the challenges that awaited her. She knew the issues and the local papers highlighted them. The community was concerned about her ability as a woman to lead, there was a desire to employ male teachers, and there were issues over curriculum and the mismanagement of funds by the previous superintendent.
This was the first time in the history of this county that a lady had been invited to hold so responsible a post. Active teaching had been so fascinating a profession to me, it was with many questionings in my own heart, that I accepted the very high compliment paid me by the board, but trusted and hoped that all might be as agreeable as my earlier experiences. As I took my seat only a few days before the opening of the school year, I found myself in the midst of the following conditions: out of the 53 teachers employed there were no male teachers, a change had been made in June regarding discontinuing the McGuffey Reader, book keeping errors, a large debt, a disorganized course of study, and aware that many felt a woman could not handle this job.”1
Education is to train individual humans to work for the betterment of all others of their community and of the world.
—Sarah Raymond, First Annual Report of Bloomington Schools, 1876–77
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Notes
Sarah Raymond Fitzwilliam, “History of the Public Schools of Bloomington,” Transactions of the McLean County Historical Society Volume II (Bloomington: Pantagraph Printing, 1903), 62.
Homer Hurst, Illinois State Normal University and the Public Normal School Movement (Nashville: George Peadbody College for Teachers, 1948), 27.
Sarah E. Raymond, Fifth Annual Report of the Bloomington Public Schools for the Year Ending June 10th, 1881 (Bloomington, IL: Bulletin Printing and Publishing, 1881), 14.
Sarah E. Raymond, Sixth Annual Report of the Bloomington Public Schools for the Year Ending June 8th, 1882 (Bloomington, IL: Bulletin Printing and Publishing, 1882), 15.
Sarah E. Raymond, Seventh Annual Report of the Bloomington Public Schools for the Year Ending June 8th, 1883 (Bloomington, IL: Bulletin Co., Printers and Publishers, 1883), 5.
Sandra Harmon, “The Voice, Pen and Influence of Our Women are Abroad in the Land: Women and the Illinois State University, 1857–1899,” in Nineteenth-Century Women Learn to Write, ed. Catherine Hobbs (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995), 87; and Proceedings of the Board of Education, December 8, 1897 (Springfield, IL: Phillips Brothers, 1898), 6–7.
Carl Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 309.
Sarah E. Raymond, Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Annual Reports of the Bloomington Public Schools for the Years 1884, 1885 and 1886 (Bloomington, IL: Leader Publishing Col, Printers, 1886), 10–11.
Sarah E. Raymond, Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bloomington Public Schools for the Year 1890–1891 (Bloomington, IL: The Leader, Printers, 1891), 11.
Sarah E. Raymond, Eleventh Annual Report of the Bloomington Public Schools for the Years 1886 and 87 (Bloomington, IL: Leader Publishing Co., Printers, 1887), 6.
Sarah E. Raymond, Twelfth Annual Report of the Bloomington Public Schools for the Year 1887 and 1888 (Bloomington, IL: Leader Publishing Co., 1888), 3 and 6.
Sarah E. Raymond, Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bloomington Public Schools for the Year1888 and 1889 (Bloomington, IL: Pantagraph Printing and Stationery Co., 1890), 19.
Sarah E. Raymond, Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bloomington Public Schools for the Year1891–1892 (Bloomington, IL: The Leader, Printers, 1892), 34–35.
Steven Tozer, School and Society: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2006), 38.
Sarah Raymond, Rules and Regulations, Manual of Instruction to Teachers, and Graded Course of Study of the Public Schools of Bloomington (Bloomington, IL: Bulletin Printing, 1883), 60.
James Loewen, The Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996).
Thomas Dynneson, Richard Gross, and Michael Berson, Designing Effective Instruction for Secondary Social Studies (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall, 2003).
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© 2009 Monica Cousins Noraian
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Noraian, M.C. (2009). Superintendent of Bloomington Schools. In: Women’s Rights, Racial Integration, and Education from 1850–1920. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230101449_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230101449_5
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