Abstract
The Parliamentary option does not seem to have silenced the critics of the democratic deficits.
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Notes
There is a growing literature on the topic. See, for instance, Diana Tussie and Mercedes Botto (eds.), El ALCA y las Cumbres de las Américas: ¿Una Nueva Pelación Público-Priva da? Buenos Aires, Editorial Biblos, 2003; and on the particular role played by scholars: Mercedes Botto (ed.), Saber y Politica en América Patina. El Uso del Conocimiento en las Negociaciones Comerciales Internacionales, Buenos Aires, Prometeo, 2007
As defined by Daphné Josselin and William Wallace: “Organizations 1) largely or entirely autonomous from central government funding and control: emanating from civil society, or from the market economy, or from political impulses beyond control and direction; 2) operating or participating in networks which extend across the boundaries or two or more states-thus engaging in ‘transnational’ relations, linking political systems, economies, societies; 3) acting in ways which affect political outcomes, either within one or more states or within international institutions—either purposefully or semi-purposefully, either as their primary objective or as one aspect of their activities.” (Daphné Josselin and William Wallace, “Non-state Actors in World Politics: a Framework,” in Daphné Josselin and William Wallace [eds.], Non-state Actors in World Politics, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, pp. 3–4).
Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink, Activists beyond Borders. Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1998.
Sydney Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Cited by Mario Lungo Uclés, El Salvador in the Eighties. Counterinsurgency and Revolution, Philadelphia, PA, Temple University Press, 1996, p. 136.
Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr., Central America. A Divided Nation, New York, Oxford University Press, 1976.
U.S. Democracy Promotion Programs in particular. See William Robinson, Transnational Conflicts. Central America, Social Change, and Globalization, London, Verso, 2003, p. 225.
Diego Achard, Manuel Flores Silva, LuisEduardo Gonzvález, Las Álites Argentinas y Brasileñas fiente al MERCOSUR, Buenos Aires, BID-INTAL, 1994, p. 114.
Kosario Domingo, Hector Pastori, Tabaré Vera, Comportamiento Estratégico de las Empresas Industriales fiente a la Apertura, Montevideo, Universidad de la Republica, Departamento de Economía, Documento no. 4, 1994.
Bernardo Kosacoff, Gabriel Bezchinsky, De la Sustitución de Importaciones a la Globalización. Las Empresas Transnacionales en la Industria Argentina, Buenos Aires, CEPAL, Documento de trabajo no. 52, 1993.
Wolfram F. Klein, El MERCOSUR. Empresarios y Sindicatos Frente a los Desafios del Proceso de Integración, Caracas, Editorial Nueva Sociedad, 2000.
Guillermo Ondarts, “Los Industriales Latinoamericaños y la Nueva Integración,” Intal 17, 1991, pp. 3–19.
Sílvia Helena Soares Schwab, José Waimer, Asociacién de Universidades Grupo de Montevideo. 15 años de Historia, Montevideo, AUGM, 2007, pp. 12–13.
Peter Katzenstein, “International Interdependence: Some Long-term Trends and Recent Change,” International Organization 29(4), 1975.
Alvaro de la Ossa, “Gran Caribe: Mecanisnios para Profundizar la Participación de los Actores Sociales,” pp.141–169 in Francine Jácome, Andrés Serbin (ed.), Sociedad Civil e Integration Regional en el Gran Caribe, Caracas, Nueva Sociedad, 1998.
See the official Web site: http://www.caricom.org/jsp/secretariat/legal_instruments/chartercivilsocietyresolutionjsp?menu=secretariat (accessed on April 28, 2008). Another example could be the Inter-American Dialogue. See, for instance, Jorge Domínguez, founding Dialogue member forecasting in 1997 a strengthening of an Inter-American civil society (Jorge Domínguez [ed.], The Future of Inter-American Relations, New York, Koutledge, 2000).
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© 2009 Olivier Dabène
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Dabène, O. (2009). Integration from Below. In: The Politics of Regional Integration in Latin America. The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230100749_7
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