Abstract
The Sunni community is one of Lebanon’s historic communities, key player of the National Pact, and pivotal in the Lebanese political game. However, following the assassination of former prime minister Rafic Hariri, the Sunni community seems to live in limbo, unable to fill the political vacuum created by Hariri’s death. The aim of this chapter is to analyse the paths of transformation and adaptability of the Sunni community by focusing on the post-2011 era in particular. If the crisis of “Harirism” was something unexpected in Lebanon, the Sunnis have shown a weak capacity to react to several difficulties at various levels. This weakness paved the way for the rise of radical Sunni movements such as that of Sheikh Ahmad al-‘Asîr between 2011 and 2013.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Abi-Akl, Philippe. 2012. Assir conditionne l’arrêt de son mouvement à une proclamation de l’État sur la question des armes. L’Orient le Jour, July 3.
Aslam, Mohammad. 2012. Harirism Exposed. November 9. Accessed January 15, 2016. http://goo.gl/C9oE2d
Aziz, Jean. 2011. Harirism: Undermining the Lebanese Army. September 8. Accessed December 30, 2015. http://goo.gl/rbJsni
Baaklini, Suzanne. 2013.A Abra, des futurs ‘moujahidines’ motivés mais peu préparés. L’Orient le Jour, April 28.
Baumann, Hannes. 2012. The Ascent of Rafiq Hariri and Sunni Philanthropy. In Leaders et partisans au Liban, eds. Franck Mermier, and Sabrina Mervin, 81–106. Paris: Karthala-IFPO-IISMM.
Becherer, Richard. 2005. A Matter of Life and Debt: The Untold Costs of Rafiq Hariri’s New Beirut. The Journal of Architecture 10(1): 1–42.
Beydoun, Ahmad. 1984. Identité confessionnelle et temps social chez les historiens libanais, contemporains. Beirut: Publications de l’Université libanaise.
Bonne, Emmanuel. 1995. Vie publique, patronage et clientèle: Rafiq Hariri à Saïda. Les Cahiers de l’Iremam 6, Aix-en-Provence, Iremam/Cermoc.
Caillet, Romain. 2012. Le phénomène Ahmad al-Asîr: le nouveau visage du salafisme au Liban? (1/2). Les Carnets de l’Ifpo. Accessed September 12, 2014. http://goo.gl/ExCPN0
Chirinne. 2016. Quand rien ne va plus entre le moufti et la Courant du Futur. Centerblog.net , September 13, 2011. Accessed January 15, 2016. http://goo.gl/OcBdWJ
Choucair, Julia. 2006. Lebanon. Finding a Path to from Deadlock Democracy. Carnegie Papers 64. Accessed January 23, 2016. http://goo.gl/hMJEFt
The Daily Star. 2000. Declaration of Hariri During the Ceremony at Martyrs Square Commemorating the 25th Anniversary of the Outbreak of the Civil War. The Daily Star, April 14.
———. 2014. Hariri Won’t Return to a Hezbollah-Controlled Lebanon. The Daily Star, October 12. Accessed January 23, 2016. http://goo.gl/URQ7R6
Daou, Marc. 2012. Ahmad al-Assir, le salafiste qui veut en découdre avec le Hezbollah. France 24, November 13. Accessed January 23, 2016. http://goo.gl/VPtZt7
Dekmejian, R. Hrair. 1978. Consociational Democracy in Crisis: The Case of Lebanon. Comparative Politics 10(2): 251–265.
Denoeux, Guilain, and Robert Springborg. 1998. Hariri’s Lebanon: Singapore of Middle East or Sanaa of the Levant? Middle East Policy 2: 158–173.
Di Peri, Rosita. 2009. The Contemporary Lebanon: History, Politics and Society. Roma: Carocci (in Italian).
———. 2014. Re-defining the Balance of Power in Lebanon: Sunni and Shiites Communities Transformations, the Regional Context and the Arab Uprisings. Oriente Moderno 94(2): 335–356.
———. 2016. The Middle East Today. Narratives, Counter-narratives and Representations (in Italian). Passato & Presente 98: 74–89.
Fakhoury, Tamirace. 2009. Democracy and Power-Sharing in Stormy Weather. The Case of Lebanon. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
———. 2011. Lebanon Against the Backdrop of the 2011 Arab Uprisings: Which Revolution in Sight? New Global Studies 5(1): 1–11.
Haugbolle, Sune. 2006. Spatial Transformations in the Lebanese ‘Independence Intifada’. The Arab Studies Journal 14(2): 60–77.
Heydemann, Steve. 2013. Syria’s Uprisings: Sectarianism, Regionalization and State Order in the Levant. FRIDE, Working Paper 119. Accessed January 23, 2016. http://goo.gl/6Po5d2
Johnson, Michael. 1986. Class and Client in Beirut: The Sunni Muslim Community and the Lebanese State 1840–1985. London: Ithaca Press.
Karl ReMarks. 2010. Back to the Future: The Fate of Harirism. Karl ReMarks. Middle East Politics, Culture and Satire, October 6. Accessed January 7, 2016. http://goo.gl/BKfyZ3
Kassir, Samir. 1994. La guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional. Paris: Karthala-Cermoc.
———. 2000. Dix ans après, comment ne pas réconcilier une société divisée? Maghreb-Machrek 169: 6–22.
Khalil, Amal. 2013. Sheikh Assir Three Hours of South Lebanon Mayhem. Al-Akhbar English. Accessed January 23, 2016. http://goo.gl/mK0SMG
Khoury, Joseph. 1987. Syria and the French Mandate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Kingston, Paul W.T. 2013. Reproducing Sectarianism: Advocacy Networks and the Politics of Civil Society in Postwar Lebanon. New York: SUNY Press.
Lijphart, Arendt. 1969. Consociational Democracy. World Politics 21(2): 207–225.
L’Orient le Jour. 2012. Ahmad el-Assir: Nous ne rentrerons pas chez nous avant une solution sur les armes. L’Orient le Jour, June 29.
———. 2013a. Le juge Sakr veut une enquête sur les armes du cheikh Assir. L’Orient le Jour, February 23.
———. 2013b. L’association Life dénonce les exactions de l’armée dans les événements de Abra. L’Orient le jour, July 9.
Makdisi, Ussama. 2000. The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Meier, Daniel. 2015. Popular Mobilization in Lebanon: From Anti-system to Sectarian Claims. Democracy & Security 11(2): 176–189.
Meier, Daniel, and Galeno Giacomo. 2012. Le Liban au miroir du ‘printemps arabe’: anciens pouvoirs et nouveaux paradigmes. In Le Moyen-Orient en marche. Perspectives croisées, ed. Julie Chapuis, 67–82. Paris: Les Editions du Cygne.
Mervin, Sabrina. 2000. Histoire de l’Islam: fondements et doctrines. Paris: Flammarion.
Messarra, Antoine. 1996. Les parties politiques au Liban. Une expérience arabe pionnière et en déclin. Revue d’Etudes du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée 81–82(3–4): 135–151.
Naba, René. 1999. Rafic Hariri: un homme d’affaires Premier ministre. Paris: L’Harmattan.
Nader, Sami. 2015. Why Some Lebanese Say Arrest of Assir was not Enough. Al-Monitor, September 14. Accessed January 23, 2016. http://goo.gl/eTkOFv
Nasr, Salim. 2003. The New Social Map. In Lebanon in Limbo: Post War Society and State in an Uncertain Regional Environment, eds. Theodore Hanf, and Nawaf Salam, 143–158. Baden Baden: Momos Verlagsgesellschaft.
Norton, Augustus Richard. 2015. The Geopolitics of the Sunni–Shia Rift. In Regional Insecurity after the Arab Uprisings: Narratives of Security and Threat, ed. Elisabeth Monier, 129–149. London: Palgrave.
Picard, Elizabeth. 2011. Élections libanaises: Un peu d’air a circulé…. Critique internationale 10: 21–31.
Rabil, Robert G. 2014. Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Rougier, Bernard. 2015. The Sunni Tragedy in the Middle East: Northern Lebanon from al-Qaeda to ISIS. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rowell, Alex. 2014. Is Lebanon Winning Against al-Qaeda? Sada, Carnegie Endowmenent for International Peace. Accessed January 23, 2016. http://goo.gl/Scvl7O
Safa, Oussama. 2006. Lebanon Springs Forward. Journal of Democracy 17(1): 22–37.
Saghiyeh, Khaled. 2011. The First Round. Al-Akhbar, January 26.
Salloukh, Bassel. 2013. The Arab Uprisings and the Geopolitics of Middle East. The International Spectator 48(2): 32–46.
Salloukh, Bassel, Barakat Jinan S. Rabie, Lara W. Khattab Al-Habbal, and Mikaelian Shoghig. 2015. The Politics of Sectarianism in Postwar Lebanon. London: Pluto Press.
Salti, Rasha. 2005. Beirut Diary: April 2005. Middle East Report 236. Accessed January 23, 2016. http://goo.gl/Cg7cKS
Samaha, Nour. 2013. Lebanon’s Sunnis Search for a Savior. Al-Jazeera English, June 15. Accessed January 24, 2016. http://goo.gl/RmeJkr
Skovgaard-Petersen, Jacob. 1998. The Sunni Religious Scene in Beirut. Mediterranean Politics 3(1): 69–80.
Vloeberghs, Ward. 2008. The Genesis of a Mosque: Negotiating Sacred Space in Downtown Beirut. European University Institute Working Papers, RSCAS 2008/17. Accessed January 5, 2016. http://goo.gl/KdJgtz.
Vloeberghs, Ward. 2012. The Hariri Political Dynasty after the Arab Spring. Mediterranean Politics 17(2): 241–248.
Volk, Lucia. 2009. Martyrs at the Margins: The Politics of Neglect in Lebanon’s Borderlands. Middle Eastern Studies 45(2): 263–282.
Zamir, Meir. 1985. The Formation of Modem Lebanon. London: Croom Helm.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Meier, D., Peri, R.D. (2017). The Sunni Community in Lebanon: From “Harirism” to “Sheikhism”?. In: Di Peri, R., Meier, D. (eds) Lebanon Facing The Arab Uprisings. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-352-00005-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-352-00005-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Pivot, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-352-00004-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-352-00005-4
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)