Abstract
This chapter establishes a framework on the reporting of human rights issues such as human trafficking, people smuggling and refugee migration by using UN protocols to define key terms. It examines the complexity of constructing journalistic narratives about these issues, given many of these human rights issues often intersect each other. The chapter examines journalism’s Fourth Estate role in reporting these issues and explores the challenges of this reporting in a globalised world.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Arendt, H. (1973). The origins of totalitarianism. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Aronowitz, A. A. (2001). Smuggling and trafficking in human beings: The phenomenon, the markets that drive it and the organisations that promote it. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 9(2), 163–195.
Aziz. S. A. S. A. (2016). Malaysia a tempting destination for immigrants. New Straits Times. http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/02/125156/malaysia-tempting-destination-migrants. Accessed 10 Nov 2016.
Beaulac, S. (2003, July). The Westphalian model in defining international law: Challenging the myth. In 22nd Annual Conference of the Australia and New Zealand Law and History Society—Defining Jurisdictions and Boundaries. Brisbane, Australia.
Benhabib, S. (2007). Twilight of sovereignty or the emergence of cosmopolitan norms? Rethinking citizenship in volatile times. Citizenship Studies, 11(1), 19–36.
Bhaumik, S. (2005, June 28). Livelihoods on line at Indian border. BBC News, Tripura. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4622317.stm. Accessed 24 Oct 2016.
Castells, M. (2008). The new public sphere: Global civil society, communication networks, and global governance. The Annals of the American academy of Political and Social Science, 616(1), 78–93.
Caster, M. (2016, June 22). Statelessness and Rohingya rights. Himal Mag. http://m.himalmag.com/statelessness-and-rohingya-rights/. Accessed 22 Nov 2016.
CCR (Canadian Council for Refugees). (2000). Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in Person. http://ccrweb.ca/sites/ccrweb.ca/files/static-files/traffick.html. Accessed 12 Nov 2016.
Challenger, D. (2008, June 23). Karen refugees a ‘forgotten story’. CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/05/27/thai.karen/. Accessed 3 Oct 2016.
Chandran, D. S., & Rajamohan, P. G. (2007). Soft, porous or rigid? Towards stable borders in South Asia. South Asian Survey, 14(1), 117–128.
Chowdhury, K. R. (2013, July 20). Rohingyas in KSA must forgo Bangladeshi passports. Dhaka Tribune.
Enghoff, M., Hansen, B., Umar, A., Gildestad, B., Owen, M., & Obara, A. (2010). Socio-economic and Environmental Impacts of Dadaab refugee Camps on Host Communities. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/C477129C7D41DCFB852577B3006B2818-Full_Report.pdf. Accessed 23 Oct 2016.
Esses, V. M., Medianu, S., & Lawson, A. S. (2013). Uncertainty, threat, and the role of the media in promoting the dehumanization of immigrants and refugees. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 518–536.
European Commission Humanitarian Office. (2016). The Rohingya Crisis Fact Sheet. http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/rohingya_en.pdf. Accessed 21 Apr 2017.
Fraser, N. (1990). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. Social Text, 25(26), 56–80.
Gallagher, A. (2002). Trafficking, smuggling and human rights: Tricks and treaties. Forced Migration Review, 12(25), 8–36.
Gozdziak, E. M., & Walter, A. (2014). Misconceptions about human trafficking in a time of crisis. Forced Migration Review, 45, 58–59.
Gross, L. (1948). The peace of Westphalia, 1648–1948. The American Journal of International Law, 42(1), 20–41.
Habermas, J. (1996). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
IOM (International Organization for Migration). (1994, October 26–28). Eleventh IOM seminar on Migration. Geneva: International response to trafficking in migrants and the safeguarding of migrant rights. Outline of the Seminar & Provisional Programme. http://repository.forcedmigration.org/show_metadata.jsp?pid=fmo:1270. Accessed 21 Apr 2017.
IOS (The International Observatory on Statelessness). (2016a). Malaysia. http://www.nationalityforall.org/malaysia. Accessed 13 Oct 2016.
IOS (The International Observatory on Statelessness). (2016b). Bhutan. http://www.nationalityforall.org/bhutan. Accessed 13 Oct 2016.
IOS (The International Observatory on Statelessness). (2016c). Nepal. http://www.nationalityforall.org/nepal. Accessed 13 Oct 2016.
Iselin, B., & Adams, M. (2003). Distinguishing between human trafficking and people smuggling. UN Office on drugs and crime, Regional centre for East Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. http://mercymarlinskline-kator.wikispaces.com/file/view/Distinguishing%5B1%5D.txt. Accessed 15 Nov 2016.
Kalu, V. E. (2009). Issues in human trafficking and migrant smuggling in the context of illegal migration. International Legal Studies Program Law Journal, 1(1), 27–33.
Khosravi, S. (2010). ‘Illegal’ traveller: An auto-ethnography of borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Koslowski, R. (2001). Security and sovereignty in United Europe. In V. Guiraudon & C. Joppke (Eds.), Controlling a new migration world. London: Routledge.
Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2007). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should know and the public should expect. New York: Three Rivers Press.
Krishna, S. (1999). Postcolonial insecurities: India, Sri Lanka & the question of nationhood. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Lal, A. (2014, June 24). Treat the refugee issue as a matter of rights. The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/interviews/Treat-the-refugee-issue-as-a-matter-of-rights/articleshow/37110006.cms. Accessed 2 Nov 2016.
Lindell, R. (2011, January 5). Punjab border fence hurting farmers’ livelihoods. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-01-05/punjab-border-fence-hurting-farmers-livelihoods/1895134. Accessed 23 Oct 2016.
Osiander, A. (2001). Sovereignty, international relations, and the Westphalian myth. International Organization, 55(02), 251–287.
Salt, J. (2000). Trafficking and human smuggling: A European perspective. International Migration, 38(3), 31–56.
Salt, J., & Stein, J. (1997). Migration as a business: The case of trafficking. International Migration, 35(4), 467–494.
Sattar, M. (2016, June 2). As Bangladesh counts Rohingya, some fear forced relocation. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/03/world/asia/rohingya-bangladesh-census.html?. Accessed 10 Nov 2016.
Schloenhardt, A. (2001). Trafficking in migrants: Illegal migration and organized crime in Australia and the Asia Pacific region. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 29(4), 331–378.
Schloenhardt, A. (2016). The UN protocols against the smuggling of migrants by land, sea and air 2000. In P. Hauck & S. Peterke (Eds.), International law and transnational organised crime (pp. 169–196). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schloenhardt, A., & Martin, C. (2012). Prosecution and punishment of people smugglers in Australia 2008–2011. Federal Law Review, 40(1), 111–140.
Schmidt, E., & Cohen, J. (2010, November–December). The digital disruption: Connectivity and the diffusion of power. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2010-10-16/digital-disruption. Accessed 20 Nov 2016.
Siwakoti, G. K. (2000, September). Statistics of refugees influx in South Asia: Developing a more global regime. In L. Diop (Chair.), Statistical information on refugees and displaced populations. The Conference of the International Association for Official Statistics, Development and Human Rights. Montreux, Switzerland.
Solomon, R. L. (1970). Boundary concepts and practices in Southeast Asia. World Politics, 23(01), 1–23.
Srikantiah, J. (2007). Perfect victims and real survivors: The iconic victim in domestic human trafficking law. Immigration and Nationality Law Review, 28, 741–798.
Stead, W. T. (1886). Government by journalism. The Contemporary Review, 49, 653–674. http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/steadworks/gov.php. Accessed 10 Nov 2016.
United Nations General Assembly. (1993, December 20). Prevention of the Smuggling of Aliens. A/RES/48/102. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r102.htm. Accessed 15 Nov 2016.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). (2010a). Convention and protocol relating to the status of refugees. Introductory Note by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10. Accessed 12 Oct 2016.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). (2015a). UNHCR Global Report 2015: Asia and the Pacific. http://www.unhcr.org/574ed7934.html. Accessed 4 Oct 2016.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). (2015b). Global Trends: Forced Displacement 2015. http://www.unhcr.org/576408cd7.pdf. Accessed 4 Oct 2016.
UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). (2016). Factsheet Myanmar, February 2016. http://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/50001cf99/myanmar-fact-sheet.html. Accessed 12 Oct 2016.
UNODC (United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime). (2004). Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime and the Protocols Thereto. https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf. Accessed 15 Nov 2016.
Waraich, O. (2016, August 21). Refugees’ return. Dawn. http://www.dawn.com/news/1278905. Accessed 26 Oct 2016.
Ward, S. J. A. (2010). Global journalism ethics. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP.
Watson, S. (2015). The criminalization of human and humanitarian smuggling. Migration, Mobility & Displacement, 1(1), 27–41.
Zamindar, V. F. (2007). The long partition and the making of modern South Asia: Refugees, boundaries, histories. New York: Columbia University Press.
Zetter, R. (2012). Are refugees an economic burden or benefit? Forced Migration Review, 41, 50–52. http://www.fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/preventing/zetter.pdf. Accessed 22 Oct 2016.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Copyright information
© 2017 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Downman, S., Ubayasiri, K. (2017). Human Trafficking, People Smuggling, Refugee Migration and the News Media. In: Journalism for Social Change in Asia. Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95179-6_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95179-6_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-95178-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-95179-6
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)