Skip to main content

The EU’s Reluctant Engagement with the Western Sahara Conflict: Between Humanitarian Aid and Parliamentary Involvement

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

The European Union (EU) has maintained an ambivalent discourse and practice in its position regarding the Sahara conflict. While institutions such as the Commission and the Council have remained in the background, adopting decisions and commercial agreements with Morocco and ignoring the conflict over the Western Sahara territory, the European Parliament has been much more likely to discuss it. The Parliament and the EU Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department (ECHO) through its development cooperation policy have been the two institutions that have sustained a more long-lasting and demanding interest in the Sahrawi question. The position of the European Parliament on the Sahrawi conflict has changed over time, determined by the composition of the Parliament and its varying conservative or socialist majorities. The nationality of parliamentary members has also had an influence and this has meant that parliamentary groups have not always been internally unanimous. Pressure from Morocco has been taken into account in a number of resolutions and has been significant at particular points in time.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abrisketa, J., & Pérez de Armiño, K. (2000). Acción humanitaria: concepto y evolución. In K. Pérez de Armiño (Ed.), Diccionario de Acción Humanitaria y Cooperación al Desarrollo. Icaria y Hegoa: País Vasco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amnesty International. (2005). Marruecos/Sahara Occidental. Ataques contra los defensores y defensoras de los derechos humanos saharauis. Available at http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ESLMDE290082005. Accessed 7 Oct 2015.

  • Bahaijoub, A. (2010). Western Sahara conflict: historical, regional and international dimensions. London: North South Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbier, M. (1982). Le conflit du Sahara occidental. Paris: L´Harmattan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barreñada, I. (2006). El Magreb. Las relaciones entre déficit democrático, desarrollo y resolución de los conflictos (pp. 201–212). Universitat Internacional de la Pau. Recull de ponències.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benabdallah, K. (2009). The position of the European Union on the Western Sahara conflict. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 17(3), 417–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boum, A. (2014). Refugees, humanitarian aid, and the displacement impasse in Sahrawi camps. In A. Boukhars & J. Roussellier (Eds.), Perspectives on Western Sahara. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cebada Romero, A. (2003). La cláusula democracia/derechos humanos como instrumento de condicionalidad en las relaciones exteriores de la CE. In C. Escobar Hernández (Ed.), La Unión Europea ante el siglo XXI: los retos de Niza. BOE: Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  • DARA. (2009). Evaluation of DG ECHO’s action in the Saharawi refugee camps, Tindouf, Algeria (2006–2008). Available at http://daraint.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Final_Draft_report_ESRC_evaluation_090724-without-annexes.pdf. Accessed 11 Jan 2016.

  • De Orellana, P. (2015). Struggles over identity in diplomacy: ‘Commie terrorists’ contra ‘imperialists’ in Western Sahara. International Relations, 29(4), 477–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desrues, T. (2000). Mohamed VI y la paradoja de la transición marroquí. Revista CIDOB D'afers Internacionals, 51–52, 171–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dye, T. (1976). Policy analysis. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ECHO. (2004). Estrategia de ayuda de la ECHO para 2004. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/policies/strategy/strategy2004_es.pdf. Accessed 18 Jan 2016.

  • El Diario. (2015). Bruselas prepara un recorte de la ayuda humanitaria a los campos de refugiados saharauis. Available at http://www.eldiario.es/desalambre/Bruselas-drastica-humanitaria-refugiados-saharauis_0_364664357.html. Accessed 18 Nov 2015.

  • European Parliament. (2015a). Parliamentary questions, answer given by Mr Vella on behalf of the commission. Available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2015-006564&language=EN. Accessed 18 Jan 2016.

  • European Parliament. (2015b). La ayuda humanitaria. Avalaible at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/es/displayFtu.html?ftuId=FTU_6.3.2.html. Accessed 11 Jan 2016.

  • El Mundo. (2015). Fraude masivo en la ayuda europea a los refugiados saharauis en Tinduf. Available at http://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2015/03/10/54fdee3b268e3e7e1c8b458b.html. Accessed 18 Nov 2015.

  • European Union. (2015). Development and cooperation. Available at http://europa.eu/pol/dev/index_es.htm. Accessed 11 Jan 2016.

  • Feliu, L., & Serra, F. (2015). The European Union as a “normative power” and the normative voice of the European Parliament. In S. Stavridis & D. Irrera (Eds.), The European Parliament and its international relations (pp. 17–34). Oxon/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Molina, I. (2016). The EU, the ENP and the Western Sahara conflict: Executive continuity and parliamentary detours. In D. Bouris & T. Schumacher (Eds.), The revised European neighbourhood policy: Continuity and change in EU foreign policy. New York: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie, R. (2010). European Union responses to conflict in the Western Mediterranean. The Journal of North African Studies, 15(1), 85–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Crisis Group. (2007). Western Sahara: The cost of the conflict. Crisis group Middle East/North Africa report, 65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judgment of the General Court. (2015). Case T512-12. Available at http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=172870&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=164110. Accessed 15 Feb 2016.

  • Mañé-Estrada, A., & Hernando de Larramendi, M. (2012). Estudios de caso de la política exterior española hacia el Mundo Árabe y Musulmán: actores subestatales y no-gubernamentales. Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, 12, 39–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morten Haugen, H. (2007). The right to self-determination and natural resources: the case of Western Sahara. Law, Environment and Development Journal, 3(1), 70–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omar, S. M., et al. (2008). El papel de la sociedad civil en la construcción de la paz en el Sáhara Occidental. Barcelona: Icaria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. J. (2013). Fishing for self-determination: European fisheries and Western Sahara. In A. Chircop, S. Coffen-Smout, & M. McConnell (Eds.), Ocean yearbook 27 (pp. 267–290). Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soroeta, J. (2009). La posición de la Unión Europea en el conflicto del Sahara Occidental, una muestra palpable (más) de la primacía de sus intereses económicos y políticos sobre la promoción de la democracia y de los derechos humanos. Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, 34, 823–864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sotillo, J. A. (1998). La Unión Europea y la cooperación para el desarrollo. Política y Sociedad, 28, 71–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrejón, J. D. (2013). El Parlamento Europeo, el Sáhara Occidental y el Acuerdo de pesca de 2006 entre la Unión Europea y Marruecos. Revista de Estudios Políticos y Sociales, 12(2), 127–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrejón, J. D. (2014). La Unión Europea y la cuestión del Sahara Occidental. La posición del Parlamento Europeo. Madrid: Reus.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trasosmontes, V. (2014). El territorio del Sáhara Occidental y sus intereses económicos: Reflexiones para España. Instituto de Estudios Estrategicos, Documento Marco 17. Available at http://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_marco/2014/DIEEEM17-2014_Canarias-Sahara_VioletaTrasosmontes.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2016.

  • Urruela, A. (1995). El Parlamento Europeo frente al conflicto del Sahara Occidental. Papers, Revista de Sociología, 46, 107–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaquer i Fanés, J. (2004). The European Union and Western Sahara. European Foreign Affairs Review, 9(1), 93–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaquer i Fanés, J. (2007). España y el Sáhara Occidental: la dimensión partidista. Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, 79–80, 125–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veguilla, V. (2009). Conflits et actions collectives autour de l’exploitation du poulpe au Maroc. Politique Africaine, 116, 43–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Western Sahara Resource Watch. (2015). Comisario de Pesca no convence de legalidad del Acuerdo con Marruecos. Available at http://www.wsrw.org/a232x3255. Accessed 20 Jan 2016.

European Parliament Resolutions

  • Decision (Assent procedure) on the conclusion of the protocol on financial and technical cooperation between the European Economic Community and the Kingdom of Morocco. Official Journal of the European Communities. C39. 17 February 1999, pp. 54.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution of 25 November 2010 on the situation in Western Sahara. P7_TA(2010)0443.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution of 22 October 2013 on the situation of human rights in the Sahel region. P7_TA(2013)0431.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution of 13 March 2014 on EU priorities for the 25th session of the UN Human Rights Council. P7_TA(2014)0252.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution of 17 December 2015 on the Annual Report on Human Rights and Democracy in the World 2014 and the European Union’s policy on the matter. P8_TA(2015)0470.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution on Euromed. 20 November 2003. Official Journal of the European Communities. C87E. 7 April 2004, pp. 500–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution on human rights in Western Sahara. 27 October 2005a. P6_TA(2005)0414.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution on humanitarian aid to Sahrawi refugees. 14 April 2005b. Official Journal of the European Communities. C33E. 9 February 2006, pp. 596–597.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution on relations between the European Union and the Arab Maghreb Union: a privileged partnership. 11 June 2002. Official Journal of the European Communities. C261E. 30 October 2003, pp. 354–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution on the draft general budget of the European Union for the financial year 2004. 23 October 2003. Official Journal of the European Communities. C82E. 1 April 2004, pp. 457–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution on the work of the ACP-CEE. 23 January 1987. Official Journal of the European Communities. C46. 23 February 1987, pp. 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • European Parliament resolution on Western Sahara. 16 March 2000. Official Journal of the European Communities. C377. 29 December 2000, pp. 354–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resolution on failure to respect human rights in the Western Sahara. 15 February 1990. Official Journal of the European Communities. C68. 19 March 1990, pp. 143–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resolution on support for the United Nations Western Sahara peace plan. 18 April 1991. Official Journal of the European Communities. C129. 20 May 1991, pp. 126–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resolution on the human rights situation in Morocco. 6 June 1996. Official Journal of the European Communities. C181. 24 June 1996, pp. 15–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resolution on the political situation in the Western Sahara. 15 March 1989. Official Journal of the European Communities. C96. 17 April 1989, pp. 59–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resolution on the release of the Saharan detainees in Western Sahara. 29 October 1992. Official Journal of the European Communities. C305. 23 November 1992, pp. 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resolution on the Western Sahara peace plan. 12 September 1991. Official Journal of the European Communities. C267. 14 October 1991, pp. 129–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resolution on the Western Sahara. 12 March 1981. Official Journal of the European Communities. C77. 6 April 1981, pp. 43–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resolution on the Western Sahara. 16 March 1995. Official Journal of the European Communities. C89. 10 April 1995, pp. 159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resolution on Western Sahara. 14 January 1999. Official Journal of the European Communities. C104. 14 April 1999, pp. 112.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to María Luisa Grande-Gascón .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Grande-Gascón, M.L., Ruiz-Seisdedos, S. (2017). The EU’s Reluctant Engagement with the Western Sahara Conflict: Between Humanitarian Aid and Parliamentary Involvement. In: Ojeda-Garcia, R., Fernández-Molina, I., Veguilla, V. (eds) Global, Regional and Local Dimensions of Western Sahara’s Protracted Decolonization. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95035-5_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics