Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of ALBA from its inception in 2004 to its decline in 2017, detailing also how ALBA relates to the theory and practice of the “postneoliberal” New Left in Latin America and the Caribbean. It argues that these ideas must be evaluated through a detailed, delineated, yet open-minded assessment of implementation, with particular attention to endogenous development, autonomy, and legitimacy (in its input, output, and control forms). It also analyses a shift in Venezuelan political economy from revolution to dissimulation, with once-successful initiatives deteriorating amidst cash flow problems, governance failings, and a hydra-headed social crisis. The idea of a postneoliberal Left Turn loses much force with its Venezuelan spearhead blunted and Ecuador’s model proving to be a far more moderate counterpoint. Ultimately, the idea of a postneoliberal wave of regionalism is undermined by the weak implementation and dubious impact of ALBA, which constitutes the theory’s principal empirical foundation.
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Notes
- 1.
“Algo para los refrescos” is the stereotypical euphemism used in requesting a bribe.
- 2.
Personal interview, 30 April 2015.
- 3.
The addition of “to the people” in point three is my own.
- 4.
The increase in oil revenues was not only based on rising global demand but also on tax legislation enacted by the Chávez government and successful diplomatic efforts that ensured OPEC production targets were respected.
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Cusack, A.K. (2019). Approaching Venezuela, ALBA, and Postneoliberalism. In: Venezuela, ALBA, and the Limits of Postneoliberal Regionalism in Latin America and the Caribbean. Studies of the Americas. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95003-4_1
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