Abstract
‘“His Disobedient Son”: Sami Narratives of Parental Authority in Eighteenth-Century Finnmark’, by Liv Helene Willumsen, focuses on an eighteenth-century criminal trial—and the related courtroom discourse—of a nomadic Sami man from Finnmark, Norway. Since the trial took place in the far northern periphery of Europe in a district with two ethnic groups living side by side—the Sami and the Norwegians—This chapter also investigates the significance of cultural frameworks and living arrangements.
I would like to thank Professor Jørn Øyrehagen Sunde, University of Bergen, Norway, for kindly giving me the archival reference to this trial.
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Notes
- 1.
V.A. Båkte, ‘Den samiske befolkning i Nord-Norge,’ Artikler fra Statistisk Sentralbyrå 107 (Oslo: Statistisk Sentralbyrå, 1978), 14.
- 2.
Liv Helene Willumsen, Witches of the North: Scotland and Finnmark (Leiden: Brill, 2013), 223–241.
- 3.
Poul Johannes Jørgensen, Dansk Strafferet fra Reformationen til Danske Lov (Copenhagen: Jurist- og Økonomforbundets forlag, 2007), 123–289, 358–390; Jørn Øyrehagen Sunde, Speculum legale—rettsspegelen (Bergen: Fagbokforlaget), 183; Willumsen, Witches of the North, 230–235.
- 4.
Ditlev Tamm, Jens Christian V. Johansen, and Hans Eyvind Næss, ‘The Law and the Judicial System,’ in People Meet the Law, eds. Eva Österberg and Sölvi Sogner (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2000), 27–56.
- 5.
Sunde, Speculum legale, 183.
- 6.
Sunde, Speculum legale, 197.
- 7.
Sunde, Speculum legale, 197.
- 8.
Etymologically the word means ‘a sworn writer’, a writer who had sworn an oath, in Norwegian ‘en ed’.
- 9.
Orig. samelensmann.
- 10.
Liv Helene Willumsen, Witchcraft Trials in Finnmark, Northern Norway (Bergen: Skald Publisher, 2010), 11.
- 11.
Ibid.
- 12.
Very few words are crossed out, which might be a signal that the records are written from accurate notes.
- 13.
Tamm, Johansen, and Næss, ‘The Law and the Judicial System,’ 27–35.
- 14.
Christian Brorson, Forsøg til den anden Bogs Fortolkning i Christian den Femtes danske og norske Lov, Vol. 1 (Copenhagen: Gyldendal Publisher, 1801), 2, 5.
- 15.
‘Kong Christian Vs Norske Lov, 1687,’ Universitetet i Oslo, Det humanistiske fakultet, Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie, available at: http://www.hf.uio.no/iakh/forskning/prosjekter/tingbok/kilder/chr5web/, accessed 12 November 2015.
- 16.
Brorson, Forsøg til den anden Bogs Fortolkning, 3.
- 17.
Ibid., 8.
- 18.
E. Hesselberg, Juridisk Collegium, Første Part (Copenhagen: C.G. Clasings Efterleverske, 1753), 396; Jens Bing Dons, E. Hesselbergs Juridiske Collegium (Copenhagen: Frantz Christian Mummes Enkes Boghandel, 1763).
- 19.
Hesselberg, Juridisk Collegium, 396.
- 20.
In Danish: Vold in specie, Herværk og Ran. Cf. Dons, E. Hesselbergs Juridiske Collegium.
- 21.
Dons, E. Hesselbergs Juridiske Collegium.
- 22.
Jørgensen, Dansk Strafferet fra Reformationen til Danske Lov, 434.
- 23.
‘Kong Christian Vs Norske Lov, 1687.’
- 24.
Bremerholm was a Danish prison for criminals who were sentenced ‘to iron’, dømt til jern. It was closed in 1741.
- 25.
Jørgensen, Dansk Strafferet fra Reformationen til Danske Lov, 209. See also note 9, p. 209.
- 26.
Bremerholm is mentioned in Article 7, and ‘Spindehuset’ (the spinning house) in Article 8.
- 27.
Willumsen, Witches of the North, 328–338, 352–354.
- 28.
Tamm, Johansen, Næss, and Johansson, 23–56.
- 29.
The pomor trade was a trade carried out between the Pomors of Northwestern Russia and the people along the coast of Northern Norway. The trade went on from the 1740s until the Russain revolution.
- 30.
Ref. Regional state archives of Tromsø, The Archives of Finnmark District Magistrate, no. 45, fos. 758–765; fos. 862–884.
- 31.
Gérard Genette, Discours du récit, a portion of Figures III (Paris: Seuil, 1972).
- 32.
Gérard Genette, Nouveaux discours du récit (Paris: Seuil, 1983).
- 33.
Gérard Genette, Fiction et diction (Paris: Seuil, 1991).
- 34.
The English editions of the three mentioned books are: Gérard Genette, Narrative Discourse: An Essay in Method, trans. Jane E. Levin (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980); Gérard Genette, Narrative Discourse Revisited, trans. Jane E. Lewin (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988); Gérard Genette, Fiction and Diction, trans. Catherine Porter (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
- 35.
Genette, Fiction and Diction, 55–56.
- 36.
Elizabeth Cohen, ‘Back Talk: Two Prostitutes’ Voices from Rome c. 1600,’ Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal 2 (2007): 95–126; Elizabeth Cohen, ‘Between Oral and Written Culture: The Social Meaning of an Illustrated Love Letter,’ in Culture and Identity in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800): Essays in Honour of Natalie Zemon Davis, eds. B. Diefendorf and C. Hesse (Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1993), 181–201.
- 37.
Cohen, ‘Back Talk: Two Prostitutes’ Voices from Rome c. 1600,’ 96.
- 38.
Ibid., 95.
- 39.
Malcolm Gaskill, ‘Witches and Witnesses in New and Old England,’ in Languages of Witchcraft: Narrative, Ideology and Meaning in Early Modern Culture, ed. Stuart Clark (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 55–80, at pp. 56–58.
- 40.
Lubomír Doleźel, ‘Fictional and Historical Narrative: Meeting the Postmodernist Challenge,’ in Narratologies: New Perspectives on Narrative Analyses, ed. David Herman (Ohio: Ohio State University Press, 1999), 247–273, at p. 247.
- 41.
Jonas Liliequist, ‘The Child Who Strikes His Own Father and Mother Shall Be Put to Death,’ in Morality, Crime and Social Control in Europe 1500–1900, eds. Olli Matikainen and Satu Lidman (Helsinki: SKS, 2014), 19–42.
- 42.
Original pesk.
- 43.
Satu Lidman, ‘Violence or Justice? Gender-Specific Structures and Strategies in Early Modern Europe,’ The History of the Family 18, no.3 (2003): 238–260, at p. 239.
- 44.
Phillip Chong Ho Shon and Shannon Barton-Bellessa, ‘Pre-offense Characteristics of Nineteenth-Century American Parricide Offenders: An Archival Exploration,’ Journal of Criminal Psychology 2, no. 1 (2012): 51–66, at pp. 51, 53, 61.
- 45.
Original gammen.
- 46.
A Sami settlement in the interior of Finnmark.
- 47.
A Sami settlement in the interior of Finnmark.
- 48.
Original kiæste.
- 49.
Original Hug.
- 50.
Original Tinding.
- 51.
Original Uanstendige.
- 52.
Original Kofte.
- 53.
Original Bomme.
- 54.
Original Karkeband.
- 55.
Original Komager. These are traditional Sami shoes.
- 56.
Original Simle.
- 57.
Original nød.
- 58.
Original gamme.
- 59.
Original ubehendig heftighed.
- 60.
Original rasende.
- 61.
Jørgensen, Dansk Strafferet fra Reformationen til Danske Lov, 124–125.
- 62.
Inger-Lill Husøy, ‘Kampen om kåre’ (Master’s thesis, University of Oslo, 2007), 50.
- 63.
Phillip Chong Ho Shon, ‘Sources of Conflict Between Parents and Their Offspring in Nineteenth-Century American Parricides: An Archival Exploration,’ Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice 9 (2009): 249–279, at p. 250.
- 64.
‘Kong Christian Vs Norske Lov, 1687.’
- 65.
Original: Slaar nogen sine Forældre, da er det Halsløs Gierning.
- 66.
Norwegian contemporary currency.
- 67.
Original Samelensmann.
- 68.
Thomas von Westen, called the Sami Apostle, went on his first travel mission to Finnmark in 1716.
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Willumsen, L.H. (2018). ‘His Disobedient Son’: Sami Narratives of Parental Authority in Eighteenth-Century Finnmark. In: Muravyeva, M., Toivo, R. (eds) Parricide and Violence Against Parents throughout History. World Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94997-7_11
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