Skip to main content

Dancing the Goddess in Popular Culture: Resistance, Spirituality and Empowerment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Belly Dance, Pilgrimage and Identity

Abstract

During the second phase of the feminist movement, in the 1960s and 1970s, women turned to belly dance as a form they argued had its origin in the goddess religions of the ancient Near East. This chapter examines the unfolding of this belief system and its influence on performance styles and the extension of these beliefs into mainstream culture as the dance form was incorporated into programmes for women preparing for pregnancy, dealing with issues of body image and recovering from forms of sexual abuse. This chapter reveals how a dance as a popular culture form has been influenced by contemporary politics and ultimately evolved a mythic ethos that has become the foundation for healing modalities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Al-Rawi, Rosina-Fawzia. 1999. Grandmother’s Secrets: The Ancient Rituals and Healing Power of Belly Dancing. New York: Interlink Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves-Masters, Judy. 1979. Changing Self-Esteem of Women Through Middle Eastern Dance. Michigan: UMI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, Toni. 2002. Sisters of Salome. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bock, Sheila, and K. Borland. 2011. Exotic Identities: Dance, Difference, and Self-fashioning. Journal of Folklore Research 48: 1–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bordo, Susan. 1993. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Judith. 1993. Bodies that Matter. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, Donna. 1994. Looking for Little Egypt. Bloomington: IDD Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, Yu-Chi. 2012. Localized Exoticism: Developments and Features of Belly Dance in Taiwan. Physical Culture and Sport Studies, Studies and Research 54: 13–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherniavsky, Felix. 1991. Salome Dancer: The Life and Times of Maud Allan. Toronto: Mc Clelland and Steward.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, Michelle, and Carolyn Michelle. 2013. Dancing with Inspiration in New Zealand and Australian Dance. In Around the World: New Communities, Performance and Identity, ed. Caitlin McDonald and Barbara Sellers-Young, 93–105. Jefferson: McFarland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, Janice. 2000. The Goddess Dances: Spirituality and American Women Interpretations of Middle Eastern Dance. In Daughters of the Goddess: Studies of Healing, Identity, and Empowerment, ed. Wendy Griffin, 166–182. New York: Rowman & LittleField Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, Antonio. 2000. The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Mariner Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, Antonio. 2005. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, Antonio. 2010. Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain. New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Beauvoir, Simone. 1952. The Second Sex. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deagon, Andrea. 1995. Inanna Descent: An Archetype of Feminine Self-Discovery and Transformation. Habibi 14: 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Downey, D.J., S. Zerbib, and D.C. Martin. 2010. Implicit Politics in a Free and Open Space: Belly Dance, Leisure Activity, and Gender Identity. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change 31: 103–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Downing, C. 2012. A Model for the Facilitation of Mental Health Through Belly Dancing as Movement. PhD dissertation, University of Johannesberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dox, Donnalee. 2005. Spirit from the Body: Belly Dance as a Spiritual Practice. In Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism, and Harem Fantasy, ed. Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young, 303–323. California: Mazda Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dox, Donnalee. 2007. Dancing Around Orientalism. TDR 10: 1–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eliade, Mircea. 1998. Myth and Reality. Illinois: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eller, Cynthia. 1993. Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America. New York: Crossroad.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erenberg, Lewis A. 1984. Steppin’ Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedan, Betty. 1976. The Feminine Mystique. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friend, Robyn. 1997. Jamileh: The Goddess of Iranian Dance. Habbi 16: 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, Shaun. 2005. How the Body Shapes the Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gazzaniga, Michael. 2008. Human: The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique. New York: Ecco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gimbutas, Marija. 1999. The Living Goddesses. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gioseffi, Daniela. 1980. Earth Dancing: Mother Nature Oldest Rite. Harrisburg: Stackpole Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabar, Oleg. 2000. Roots and Others. In Nobel Dreams and Wicked Pleasures: Orientalism in America, 1870–1930, ed. Holly Edwards, 40–59. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, Laurel. 1995. The Goddess Dances: Women’s Dances of Georgia. Habibi 14: 2–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greer, Germaine. 1970. The Female Eunch. New York: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosz, Elizabeth. 1994. Volatile Bodies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanna, Thomas. 2004. Somatics. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, Lynette. 2013. Performing Identity/Diasporic Encounters. In Around the World: New Communities, Performance and Identity, ed. Caitlin McDonald and Barbara Sellers-Young, 48–67. Jefferson: McFarland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobin, Tina. 2003. Belly Dance: The Dance of Mother Earth, New York: Marion Boyars.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarmakani, Amira. 2008. Imagining Arab Womanhood: The Cultural Mythology of Veils, Harems, and Belly Dancers in the U.S.. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, Jeana. 2012. Dancing the Numinous: Sacred and Spiritual Techniques of Contemporary Belly Dancers. Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 6: 3–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koritz, Amy. 1994. Dancing the Orient for England: Maud Allan: The Vision of Salome. Theatre Journal 46: 63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koritz, Amy. 1995. Gendering Bodies/Performing Art: Dance and Literature in Early Twentieth-century Culture. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, Rachel. 2009. Straddling the Sacred and Secular: Creating a Spiritual Experience Through Belly Dance. Sociological Spectrum 29: 598–625.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, Rachel. 2010a. They Danced in the Bible: Identify Integration among Christian Women Who Belly Dance. Sociology of Religion 71: 457–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kraus, Rachel. 2010b. “We Are Not Strippers”: How Belly Dancers Manage a (Soft) Stigmatized Serious Leisure Activity. Symbolic Interaction 33: 435–455.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux, Joseph. 1998. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux, Joseph. 2003. Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are. New York: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, John M. 1995. Orientalism: History, Theory and the Arts. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maira, Sunaina. 2008. Belly Dancing: Arab-face, Orientalist Feminism, and US Empire. American Quarterly 60: 317–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matter, Joan (ed.). 1997. From the Realm of the Ancestors: An Anthology in Honor of Marija Gimbutas. Connecticut: Knowledge, Ideas, and Trends.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCullough, Edo. 1957. Good Old Coney Island. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra, Smeeta. 2013. Negotiating Female Sexuality: Bollywood Belly Dance, ‘Item Girls, and Dance Classes. In Belly Dance Around the World: New Communities, Performance and Identity, ed. Caitlin McDonald and Barbara Sellers-Young, 181–196. Jefferson: McFarland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moe, Angela M. 2012. Beyond the Belly: An Appraisal of Middle Eastern Dance (aka Belly Dance) as Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research 44: 201–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, Robin. 1984. The Anatomy of Freedom: Feminism, Physics, and Global Politics. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, Anne K. 1992. An Evening in the Orient: The Middle Eastern Nightclub in America. Asian Music 13: 345–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rasmussen, Anne K. 1998. The Music of Arab Americans. In The Images of Enchantment, ed. Sherifa Zuhur, 135–156. Cairo: American University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruyter, Nancy Lee. 2005. La Meri and Middle Eastern Dance. In Belly Dance: Orientalism, Transnationalism, and Harem Fantasy, ed. Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young, 207–220. California: Mazda Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sellers-Young, Barbara. 1986. The Exoteric/Esoteric Dimension and Changing Traditions in an Arab Community in Oregon. Northwest Folklore 4, 18- Club Cultures and Female Subjectivity: The Move from Home to House (review).

    Google Scholar 

  • Simonson, Mary. 2013. Body Knowledge: Performance, Intermediality, and American Entertainment at the Turn of the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Studlar, Gaylyn. 1995. Out-Salomeing Salome. Michigan Quarterly Review 34: 487–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terry, Walter. 1956. The Dance in America. New York: Harper Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thelen, Esther, and Linda Smith. 1996. A Dynamic Systems Approach to the Development of Cognition and Action. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, Helen. 1995. Dance Modernity and Culture. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, Rosalind. 1991. The Dream World of Mass Consumption. In Rethinking Popular Culture, ed. Chandra Mukerji and Michael Schudson, 198–236. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, Serena, and Alan Wilson. 1973. The Serena Technique of Belly Dancing. New York: Pocket Books.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sellers-Young, B. (2016). Dancing the Goddess in Popular Culture: Resistance, Spirituality and Empowerment. In: Belly Dance, Pilgrimage and Identity. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94954-0_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics