Abstract
Reformation and Northern Europe, 1520–1675.
Ultimately the Reformation is a product, rather than the effective cause, of the factual, realist attitude active in Flemish and Germanic lands since the fourteenth century. This realism involves a positive valuation of human powers of perception and attention. It expresses bourgeois self-confidence and moral discipline, as well as a new activist spirit: to the bourgeois producer, reality is made: it is contingent on productive artistry. This conviction, woven into the language and practices of art, defends a post-essentialist view of life particularly alive in the Dutch Golden Age.
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Notes
- 1.
Beebe (2006), p. 137.
- 2.
In Michalski (1993), p. 5.
- 3.
Luther, ‘On Images’, Lenten Sermons (1520).
- 4.
In Michalski, p. 10.
- 5.
In Stechow (1966), p. 129.
- 6.
In Greer (2004) vol. I, p. 388.
- 7.
Baum (1863–1900), vol. 26, p. 150.
- 8.
See van Asselt (2007), pp. 299–312.
- 9.
In Michalski, p. 56.
- 10.
McManners (2001), p. 243.
- 11.
Koerner (2004).
- 12.
Harrison (1998); Gregory (2012).
- 13.
Fortescue (1904), p. 132.
- 14.
Vogtherr, [1548].
- 15.
Calvin (1932) II, p. 149.
- 16.
In Laube (1983) vol. I, p. 267.
- 17.
Israel (1998), pp. 547–564.
- 18.
See Thomas (1971); also Taylor (2007), esp. pp. 25–90.
- 19.
Green (1959), p. 66 ff.
- 20.
Carlyle (1840), p.174.
- 21.
In Coulton (1928), p. 408.
- 22.
In Bronowski (1960), p. 80.
- 23.
Calvin, Institute, I, v, 1.
- 24.
Bacon, ‘Plan of the Work’, The Great Instauration.
- 25.
Bacon, Ibid.
- 26.
Burke, p. 171.
- 27.
Erasmus [1511] (2003), p. 97.
- 28.
Panofsky (1953).
- 29.
Luther, ‘Comment on the Fifth Commandment’ [1530].
- 30.
Alpers (1983), especially pp. 1–25.
- 31.
Ibid., pp. 348–351.
- 32.
Le Goff, p. 261.
- 33.
Bacon [1620], Book I, xcviii. On the subject of Baconian science and seventeenth-century art, see Alpers (2005).
- 34.
In Houbraken [Amsterdam, 1718], p. 47.
- 35.
See Rosenberg (1977); Hauser, vol. 2, p. 201.
- 36.
Leidtke (2008).
- 37.
Jean de Vries, ‘The Industrial Revolution and the Industrious Revolution’, Journal of Economic History 54, 2 (June 1994) pp. 249–70.
- 38.
Aquinas, Summa, First Part of the Second Part, q. 57, art. 4.
- 39.
In McMahon, p. 176.
- 40.
Bellori (2005), p. 323.
- 41.
Barbara Bender, ‘Place and Landscape’, in Tilley (2006), pp. 303–324.
- 42.
Holanda [1548] (2007), p. 64.
- 43.
In Alpers (2005), p. 99.
- 44.
Schopenhauer, ‘Fragments for the History of Philosophy’, (1974), vol. I, §6.
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Maleuvre, D. (2016). The Time of Work. In: The Art of Civilization. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94869-7_6
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