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Into the Time of Art

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The Art of Civilization

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Abstract

Ile-de-France and Languedoc, Tenth to Thirteenth Centuries.

The evolution of medieval art tracks the rising influence of cities. From Romanesque to Gothic is a shift from a conservative to experimental culture and from defensive to exploratory art forms. The new town-dwelling population of clerics and craftsmen entertains a peculiarly plastic, activist sense of reality. At heart, the Gothic is spectacle: it emphasizes the subjective life and intellectual play. Ingenuity, novelty, creativity: though apparently out-of-place in the Middle Ages, these ideas are nurtured in the city workshops and opera moderna of the Gothic period. Through cathedrals, troubadour lyrics, and chansons de geste, a new bourgeois mentality asserts its spirit of self-control and productivity—though it be still in the service of the court and the church.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Le Goff (1988), p. 119; Braudel (1981), vol. I, pp. 510–11.

  2. 2.

    Gregory I [593] 2:60. On monastic orders and asceticism, see Flick (1909), pp. 347–384.

  3. 3.

    Canaparius (1841), vol. 4, p. 23.

  4. 4.

    In Tatarkiewicz (1996), vol. 2, p. 101.

  5. 5.

    Evans (1922).

  6. 6.

    See Placher (1983), pp. 150–157; Rubenstein (2003).

  7. 7.

    Duby (1974), p. 216.

  8. 8.

    Cantor (1963), pp. 238–40.

  9. 9.

    Peter the Venerable [1135], 1.12.

  10. 10.

    In Pierre Abélard—Pierre le Vénérable: Les courants philosophiques, littéraires et artistiques en Occident au milieu du XIIe siècle (Colloquesinternationaux du centre national de la recherchescientifique, 1975).

  11. 11.

    In Dodwell (1995), p. 33.

  12. 12.

    Schapiro (1977), pp. 1–27.

  13. 13.

    Bairoch (1988), p. 159.

  14. 14.

    Fossier (2010), p. 258; Mumford (1961), pp. 281–315.

  15. 15.

    Lopez (1971); Gimpel (1980).

  16. 16.

    Logan (2002), esp. pp. 131–152.

  17. 17.

    In Braudel, p. 511.

  18. 18.

    Hauser, vol. I, p. 119.

  19. 19.

    See Panofsky (1979) and Grant (1998).

  20. 20.

    In Frisch (1971), p. 7.

  21. 21.

    In Panofsky (1979), p. 19.

  22. 22.

    Panofsky (1951). See also Southern (1967), pp. 170–219; and Gibson, ‘The Study of the Timaeus in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries’, Pensamiento 25 (1969), pp. 189–94.

  23. 23.

    Grosseteste [1230–35].

  24. 24.

    See von Simson (1988); Frankl (2001).

  25. 25.

    Duby (1981); Wilson (1990).

  26. 26.

    Elias (1982), p. 24.

  27. 27.

    Evans (1969), pp. 30–42.

  28. 28.

    In Frisch, p. 33.

  29. 29.

    Aquinas (1981), I, 67, Ic.

  30. 30.

    Aquinas, De Veritate, III, I, s.c.7.

  31. 31.

    Grant (2001), pp. 239–240.

  32. 32.

    William of Auvergne, De Anima, V, 18. In Eco (2002), p. 19.

  33. 33.

    Scott (2003), pp. 17–46.

  34. 34.

    Kurman-Schwartz (2001), pp. 79–84.

  35. 35.

    Swanson (1995), pp. 177–185.

  36. 36.

    See Macy (Oxford, 1984).

  37. 37.

    See Grant, pp. 228ff.

  38. 38.

    In Wulf (1922), p. 139.

  39. 39.

    In Frisch, pp. 7–8.

  40. 40.

    Dehio (1969); Frankl (2001).

  41. 41.

    Augustine, Against the Manicheans, I, 2, 52.

  42. 42.

    In Tatarkiewicz, vol. 2, p. 88.

  43. 43.

    Isidore of Seville, Book of Differences, 20.

  44. 44.

    Isidore of Seville, Etymologies [615–630], I, 1, 22.

  45. 45.

    In Radice (1974), p. 58.

  46. 46.

    William of Tocco, Life of Thomas Aquinas [1323].

  47. 47.

    In Radice, p. 63.

  48. 48.

    Fossier, pp. 345–6.

  49. 49.

    In Padovian (2002), pp. 183–86.

  50. 50.

    Elias, pp. 78–83.

  51. 51.

    Bernart de Ventadorn, ‘Peldoutzchanque l rossinholsfai’.

  52. 52.

    Marie de France, ‘Equitan’ (Twelfth Century).

  53. 53.

    Artz (1953), pp. 335–350; Cook and Herzman (1983), pp. 288–291.

  54. 54.

    Elias, p. 263.

  55. 55.

    In Adams (1904), p. 80.

  56. 56.

    Roger Bacon, ‘Opus Majus’, in McKeon (1930), p. 8.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of French and Italian, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

    Didier Maleuvre

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  1. Didier Maleuvre
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© 2016 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s)

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Maleuvre, D. (2016). Into the Time of Art. In: The Art of Civilization. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94869-7_4

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