Abstract
This chapter explores the tangible consequences of social reaction. The chapter is structured into two related parts, which critically analyse contemporary policy responses to children and young people in Britain and in Northern Ireland specifically. Each part considers the proposition that there has been a progressively punitive shift in criminal justice and youth justice policies, driven by social, political and media reactions internationally and nationally, to crises concerning children and young people. This chapter also examines policy transfer and the United Kingdom’s recent legacy relating to children, young people, anti-social behaviour and crime. It considers whether new criminal justice and youth justice policies in Northern Ireland are inheriting the UK’s legacy, by maintaining the punitive ideologies and practices promoted under periods of direct rule.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
New Labour’s 1997 Election Manifesto, ‘New Labour because Britain deserves better’, see: http://www.labour-party.org.uk/manifestos/1997/1997-labour-manifesto.shtml (accessed on 17 March 2010).
- 2.
Graham and Bowling’s (1995) research (published by the Home Office), focused on why people desist from crime. Their analysis of household surveys completed by 2,529 young people, conclude that females ‘grow out of offending’, while young males continue to offend. The authors argue that young people must realise that their offending behaviour was wrong and take account of the consequences. They highlighted the related factors of general maturity, responsibility and moral development. This emphasis on individual realisation and responsibility was employed in New Labour’s policies, in particular ‘rights and responsibilities’ (see The Labour Party 1996).
- 3.
McGarry (2001) in his opening critique of the range of perspectives surrounding the Conflict, argues that the dominant view is that Northern Ireland is ‘a place apart’; a result of its own ‘pathology’. McGarry (2001) quotes the Northern Ireland poet, John Hewitt’s (1907–1987) poem ‘Conversations in Hungary’, in which the Ulster poet depicts the usual attempt to ‘explain’ Ireland to the foreigner (Nairn 1981: 213) and also draws on a number of contemporary newspaper headlines, to illustrate his argument that in the contemporary setting this dominant view still exists.
- 4.
The use of baton rounds and other responses police can use at times of public disorder and rioting are outlined in guidelines issued by the Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO), see: http://www.acpo.police.uk/ (accessed on 23 March 2010). Also, the PSNI must adhere to Section 3 of the Criminal Law Act (NI) (1967) , which outlines the use/standard of force for the prevention of crime; the Police and Criminal Evidence (Northern Ireland) Order 1989; the Police and Criminal Evidence (Amendment) Order 2007, No. 288 (N.I.2) and the PACE Codes of Practice 2007, which outline the power of police officers and regulate the practice of the police in their application of the legislation. The Police Ombudsman’s Office investigates complaints and has published a number of reports. See: http://www.policeombudsman.org/Publicationsuploads/PONI_BATON_REPORT_2005.pdf (accessed on 25 March 2010).
- 5.
- 6.
One example is the Holy Cross Primary School dispute, Ardoyne, North Belfast. In 2001 pupils and their parents experienced intimidation and violence by loyalist paramilitaries and required armed police escorts when making their daily journey to and from school. The Holy Cross dispute has been written about extensively, see Cadwallader (2004); Cox et al. (2006); McEldowney et al. (2011).
- 7.
‘Policy Transfer’ is defined generally as ‘a process in which knowledge about policies, administrative arrangements, institutions etc in one time and/or place is used in the development of policies/administrative arrangements and institutions in another time and/or place’ (Dolowitz and Marsh 1996: 344, cited in Newburn 2002: 166).
- 8.
‘Sin bins’ refer to family intervention projects. As media commentary outlines, they can include monitoring and visits to the family home, to ensure that children and young people attend school, go to bed on time and eat proper meals (see SIN BINS FOR WORTH FAMILIES, Daily Express, 23 July 2009), or the policy can include families being taken into care and placed in residential blocks dubbed ‘sin bins’ (see THOUSANDS OF ENGLAND’S WORST FAMILIES TO BE PLACED IN ‘SIN BINS’ TO IMPROVE BEHAVIOUR, Daily Mail, 22 July 2009).
- 9.
As Reiner (2000: 68) and Mulcahy (2002: 279) note, senior British police officers visited Northern Ireland, in order ‘to discuss riot control and learn from their “success”’. The punitive measures and responses employed during riot and public disorder situations in Northern Ireland were replicated during the uprisings in Britain in the 1980s.
- 10.
Extensive research reports on the conditions of imprisonment in Northern Ireland outline the routine breaches of a number of international standards, including the UNCRC, the Beijing Rules (1985), Havana Rules (1990) and Riyadh Guidelines (1990) (see Kilkelly et al. 2002; Convery and Moore 2006; Scraton and Moore 2005, 2007). Collectively this research concludes that many of the children incarcerated should not be in custody. This is further highlighted in reports by the Criminal Justice Inspectorate of Northern Ireland, who have emphasised that placing children and young people in custody, ‘breach[es] international safeguards, and inappropriate use of custody … remains a more pronounced problem in Northern Ireland than elsewhere in the UK’. See: http://www.cjini.org/CJNI/files/74/743c0eb6-5bc1-4a27-b08f-e0d17ad490e3.pdf (accessed on 27 April 2010).
- 11.
See: http://www.nio.gov.uk/justice_ni_act_2002_expanatory_notes.pdf (accessed on 19 April 2010).
- 12.
See: http://www.4ni.co.uk/northern_ireland_news.asp?id=19675 (accessed on 20 March 2010).
- 13.
For the entire judgment, see: http://www.courtsni.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/705ED37E-0CC3-46CA-8D89-3B0B3CB9E372/0/j_j_GIRF4194.htm (accessed on 20 March 2010).
- 14.
The current practice breaches the rights of children and young people – such as Article 40(2) (vii) of the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), as enshrined by the Human Rights Act 1998 , which provide for privacy of children and young people in the justice system ‘at all stages of the proceedings’, and uphold the right to promote and protect family life. As outlined in Chap. 1, the most recent concluding observations of the Committee on the Rights of the Child (October 2008) note that the government has not taken sufficient measures to protect children, in particular those subject to ASBOs and those who are targeted by negative media representation and ‘naming and shaming’ (para 36(b)) (see 2015 Concluding Observations also). They were also concerned ‘at the general climate of intolerance and negative public attitudes towards children, especially adolescents, which appears to exist in the State party, including in the media’ (para 24).
- 15.
The Northern Ireland Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (NIACRO) is an organisation who works with children and young people who offend, offenders and ex-prisoners, and prisoners, their families and their children. See: http://www.niacro.co.uk/about-niacro/ (accessed on 1 March 2010).
- 16.
Young men have been ‘named and shamed’ in their local communities, having been accused of burgling houses, as Baroness Blood (2008: 8) has commented: ‘Recent events being played out on our streets of naming and shaming young men as thieves is not the way forward’ for Northern Ireland, a society which is in transition from a period of violent conflict.
- 17.
The strategy, ‘Building Safer, Shared and Confident Communities’ can be accessed here: http://www.dojni.gov.uk/index/media-centre/ford-announces-20m-community-safety-strategy.htm (accessed on 30 July 2012). See also: http://www.dojni.gov.uk/index/publications/publication-categories/pubs-policing-community-safety/css-july2012.pdf (accessed on 30 July 2012).
Bibliography
Allen, J. and Cooper, S. (1995) ‘Howard’s Way - A Farewell to Freedom?’, The Modern Law Review, Volume 58, Issue 3, pages 364–389.
Appleby, L., Kapur, N., Shaw, J., Hunt, I. M., Flynn, S., While, D., Windfuhr, K., Williams, A. and Rahman, M. S. (2011) The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness: Suicide and Homicide in Northern Ireland, DHSSPNI, PHA and University of Manchester, Manchester: University of Manchester Press.
Arthur, P. (2000) Special Relationships: Britain, Ireland, and the Northern Ireland Problem, Belfast: Blackstaff Publishing.
Arthur, R. (2010) Young Offenders and the Law: How the Law Responds to Youth Offending, London: Routledge.
Audit Commission (1996) Misspent Youth: The Challenge for Youth Justice, London: The Audit Commission.
Aughey, A. (2005) The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement, London: Routledge.
Ball, C. (2004) ‘Youth Justice? Half a Century of Responses to Youth Offending’, Criminal Law Review, 50th Anniversary Edition, pages 28–41.
Bandalli, S. (2000) ‘Children, Responsibility and the New Youth Justice’, pages 81–96, in B. Goldson (ed.) The New Youth Justice, Lyme Regis: Russell House.
Blood, M. (2008) ‘What We Can Do for Young People’, in Northern Ireland Big Times, Belfast: Big Lottery Fund, pages 6–7.
Birrell, D. and Murie, A. (1980) Policy and Government in Northern Ireland: Lessons of Devolution, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
Blair, T. (1998) The Third Way: New Politics for the New Century, Fabian Pamphlet, 588, September, London: The Fabian Society.
Brewer, J., Lockhart, B. and Rodgers, P. (1997) Crime in Ireland: ‘Here Be Dragons’, Oxford: Clarendon.
Brocklehurst, H. (1999) Children as Political Bodies: Concepts, Cases and Theories, University of Wales, unpublished thesis.
Brocklehurst, H., Stott, N., Hamber, B. and Robinson, G. (2001) ‘Lesson Drawing: Northern Ireland and South Africa’, Indicator, South Africa, Volume 18, Number 1, pages 89–95.
Brownlee, I. (1998) ‘New Labour – New Penology? Punitive Rhetoric and the Limits of Managerialism in Criminal Justice Policy’, Journal of Law and Society, Volume 25, Number 3, pages 313–335.
Buckland, G. and Stevens, A. (2001) Review of Effective Practice with Young Offenders in Mainland Europe, Canterbury: European Institute of Social Sciences.
Byrne, J., Hansson, U. and Bell, J. (2006) Shared Living: Mixed Residential Communities in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Institute for Conflict Research.
Cadwallader, A. (2004) Holy Cross: The Untold Story, Belfast: Brehon Press Limited.
Cairns, E. (1987) Caught in Crossfire: Children and the Northern Ireland Conflict, Belfast: The Appletree Press Limited.
Children in Northern Ireland (2010) NIO Consultation Paper: A Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland, Next Steps, Belfast: Children in Northern Ireland.
Collins, S. and Cattermole, R. (2006) Anti-social Behaviour and Disorder: Powers and Remedies, London: Sweet and Maxwell.
Convery, U. and Moore, L. (2006) Still in Our Care. Protecting Children’s Rights in Custody in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.
Convery, U., Haydon, D., Moore, L. and Scraton, P. (2008) ‘Children, Rights and Justice in Northern Ireland: Community and Custody’, Youth Justice, Volume 8, Number 3, pages 245–263.
Conway, M. and Byrne, J. (2005) Interface Issues: An Annotated Bibliography, Belfast: Belfast Institute for Conflict Research.
Coogan, T. P. (2002) The Troubles: Ireland’s Ordeal and the Search for Peace, New York, USA: Palgrave Publishers Limited.
Cox, M., Guelke, A. and Stephen, F. eds. (2006) A Farewell to Arms? Beyond the Good Friday Agreement, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Crawford, A. and Burden, T. (2005) Integrating Victims in Restorative Youth Justice, Bristol: The Policy Press.
Criminal Justice Inspectorate (2008) Anti-Social Behaviour Orders: An Inspection of the Operation and Effectiveness of ASBOs, October, Belfast: Criminal Justice Inspection Northern Ireland.
Croft, S. ed. (1991) British Security Policy: The Thatcher Years and the End of the Cold War, London: Harper Collins Academic.
Davis, H. and Bourhill, M. (1997) ‘“Crisis”: The Demonization of Children and Young People’, in P. Scraton (ed.) Childhood in ‘Crisis’?, London: UCL Press/Routledge, pages 28–57.
Department of Justice (2011) ‘Building Safer, Shared and Confident Communities’: A Consultation on a New Community Safety Strategy for Northern Ireland, January, Belfast: Department of Justice Northern Ireland.
Department of Justice Northern Ireland (2012) Building Safer, Shared and Confident Communities: A Community Safety Strategy for Northern Ireland 2012–2017, July, Belfast: Department of Justice Northern Ireland.
Dickson, B. (1989) The Legal System of Northern Ireland (Second Edition), Belfast: SLS Legal Publications.
Dickson, B. (2001) The Legal System of Northern Ireland (Fourth Edition), Belfast: SLS Legal Publications.
Dickson, B. (2010) The European Convention on Human Rights and the Conflict in Northern Ireland, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Donoghue, J. (2010) Anti-social Behaviour Order. A Culture of Control?, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ellison, G. (2001) Young People, Crime, Policing and Victimisation in Northern Ireland, Research Series 2001–2002, Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast.
Elrod, P. and Scott Ryder, R. (2005) Juvenile Justice: A Social, Historical and Legal Perspective, Burlington, USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
Evans, E. J. (2004) Thatcher and Thatcherism, London: Routledge.
Fionda, J. (1999) ‘New Labour, Old Hat: Youth Justice and the Crime and Disorder Act 1998’, Criminal Law Review, January, pages 36–47.
Franklin, B. (1996) ‘The Case for Children’s Rights: A Progress Report’, in B. Franklin (ed.) The Handbook of Children’s Rights: Comparative Policy and Practice, London: Routledge, pages 3–24.
Franklin, B. (1999) Social Policy, the Media and Misrepresentation, London: Routledge.
Fraser, T. G. (2000) Ireland in Conflict 1922–1998, London: Routledge.
Gabriel, J. (1998) Whitewash: Racialized Politics and the Media, London: Routledge.
Gaffikin, F. and Morrissey, M. (2011) Planning in Divided Cities, Chichester, USA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Gil-Robles, A. (2005) ‘Commissioner for Human Rights on His Visit to UK, 4–12 November 2004’, Comm DHL 2005/6, Council of Europe: Office of Commissioner for Human Rights.
Goldson, B. (2002) Vulnerable Inside: Children in Secure and Penal Settings, London: Children’s Society.
Goldson, B. (2005) ‘Taking Liberties: Policy and the Punitive Turn’, in H. Hendrick (ed.) Child Welfare and Social Policy: An Essential Reader, Bristol: The Policy Press, pages 255–268.
Goode, E. and Ben-Yehuda, N. (2009) Moral Panics: The Social Construction of Deviance (Second Edition), West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Gordon, F., Haydon, D., Marshall, C., McAlister, S. and Scraton, P. (2009) ‘The Childhood, Transition and Social Justice Initiative’ Response to the NIO Consultation Document -‘Together. Safer. Stronger’, Belfast: CTSJI, Queen’s University Belfast.
Graham, J. and Bowling, B. (1995) Young People and Crime, Home Office Research Study 145, London: Home Office.
Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., and Roberts, B. (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order, London: Macmillan.
Hall, S. (1998) ‘The Great Moving Nowhere Show’, Marxism Today, November – December, pages 9–14.
Hall, S. and Scraton, P. (1981) ‘Law, Class and Control’, in M. Fitzgerald, G. McLennan and J. Pawson (eds.) Crime and Society, London: RKP, pages 460–498.
Hamill, H. (2011) The Hoods: Crime and Punishment in Belfast, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press.
Hamilton, J., Radford, K. and Jarman, N. (2003) Policing, Accountability and Young People, Belfast: Institute for Conflict Research.
Haydon, D. and Scraton, P. (2008) ‘Conflict, Regulation and Marginalisation in the North of Ireland: The Experiences of Children and Young People’, in P. Scraton (ed.) Current Issues in Criminal Justice, Volume 20, Number 1, pages 59–78.
Haydon, D. (2008) Northern Ireland NGO Alternative Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, Belfast: Save the Children and the Children’s Law Centre Northern Ireland.
Heenan, D. and Birrell, D. (2011) Social Work in Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change, London: The Policy Press.
Hendrick, H. (2005) Child Welfare and Social Policy: An Essential Reader, London: The Policy Press.
Hendrick, H. (2006) ‘Histories of Youth Crime and Justice’, in B. Goldson and J. Muncie (eds.) Youth, Crime and Justice: Critical Issues, London: SAGE Publications Limited, pages 3–16.
Hennessey, T. (2000) The Northern Ireland Peace Process. Ending the Troubles?, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
Heskin, K. (1980) Northern Ireland: A Psychological Analysis, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
Hillyard, P. (1987) ‘The Normalisation of Special Powers: From Northern Ireland to Britain’, in P. Scraton (ed.) Law, Order and the Authoritarian State, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, pages 279–309.
Hillyard, P. (1988) ‘Political and Social Divisions of Emergency Law in Northern Ireland’, in A. Jennings (ed.) Justice Under Fire. The Abuse of Civil Liberties in Northern Ireland, London: Pluto Press, pages 191–212.
Hillyard, P. (1993) ‘Paramilitary Policing and Popular Justice in Northern Ireland’, in M. Findlay, and U. Zvekic (eds.) Alternative Policing Styles: Cross Cultural Perspectives, Boston, USA: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, pages 139–156.
Hillyard, P., Rolston, B., Tomlinson, M. (2005) Poverty and Conflict in Ireland: An International Perspective, Issue 36 of Research Report Series, Belfast: Combat Poverty Agency.
Home Office (1997b) Tackling Youth Crime: A Consultation Paper, London: Home Office.
Home Office (2005) Publicising Anti-Social Behaviour Orders: Home Office Guidance, March, London: Home Office.
Horgan, G. (2005) The Particular Circumstances of Children in Northern Ireland, November, Belfast: The Children’s Law Centre Northern Ireland. Available from: http://www.childrenslawcentre.org/ParticularCircumstancesofChildreninNorthernIreland-GorettiHorgan.htm (accessed on 10 March 2011).
Include Youth (2004) Response to Measures to Tackle Anti-Social Behaviour in Northern Ireland Consultation Document, Belfast: Include Youth.
Jarman, N. (2002) Managing Disorder: Responding to Interface Violence in North Belfast, Belfast: OFMDFM.
Jarman, N. (2004) ‘From War to Peace? Changing Patterns of Violence in Northern Ireland 1990–2003’, Terrorism and Political Violence, Volume 16, Number 3, Autumn, pages 420–438.
Jarman, N. (2005) ‘Teenage Kicks: Young Women and Their Involvement in Violence and Disorderly Behaviour’, Child Care in Practice, Volume 11, Number 3, July, pages 341–356.
Jarman, N. (2006) ‘Peacebuilding and Policing: The Role of Community-based Initiatives’, Shared Space, Number 3, November, pages 31–44.
Jarman, N. (2008) ‘Security and Segregation: Interface Barriers in Belfast’, Shared Space, Number 6, June, pages 21–33.
Jarman, N. and O’Halloran, C. (2001) ‘Recreational Rioting: Young People, Interface Areas and Violence’, Child Care in Practice, Volume 7, Number 1, pages 2–16.
Jarman, N., Quinn, G., Murphy, J. and Nichol, S. (2002) ‘Escaping to the Happy Planet? Drug Use, Education and Professional Support in North Belfast’, Child Care in Practice, Volume 8, Number 3, pages 159–175.
Jones, T. and Newburn, T. (2002) ‘Policy Convergence and Crime Control in the USA and the UK: Streams of Influence and Levels of Impact’, Criminology and Criminal Justice, Volume 2, Number 2, pages 173–203.
Kennedy, L. (2001) They Shoot Children, Don’t They? An Analysis of the Age and Gender of Victims of Paramilitary ‘Punishments’ in Northern Ireland, A Report Prepared for the Northern Ireland Committee Against Terror and the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee of the House of Commons, Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast.
Kenway, P., MacInnes, T., Kelly, A. and Palmer, G. (2006) Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion in Northern Ireland 2006, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Kilkelly, U., Moore, L. and Convery, U. (2002) In Our Care: Promoting the Rights of Children in Custody, Belfast: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.
Kilkelly, U., Kilpatrick, R., Lundy, L., Moore, L., Scraton P., Davey, C., Dwyer, C. and McAlister, S. (2004) Children’s Rights in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Northern Ireland Commissioner for Children and Young People.
Koffman, L. (2006) ‘The Use of Anti-Social Behaviour Orders: An Empirical Study of a New Deal for Communities Area’, Criminal Law Review, July, pages 593–613.
Leonard, M. (2006) ‘Teens and Territory in Contested Spaces: Negotiating Sectarian Interfaces in Northern Ireland’, Children’s Geographies, Volume 4, Number 2, pages 225–238.
Leonard, M. (2010a) ‘What’s Recreational about Recreational Rioting’, Children and Society, Volume 24, Number 1, pages 38–50.
Leonard, M. (2010b) ‘Parochial Geographies: Growing up in Divided Belfast’, Childhood, Volume 17, Number 3, pages 329–342.
Leonard, M. (2011) ‘A Tale of Two Cities: Political Tourism in Belfast’, Irish Journal of Sociology, Volume 19, Number 2, pages 110–125.
Leonard, M. and McKnight, M. (2010) ‘Teenagers’ Perceptions of Belfast as a Divided/Shared City’, Shared Space, Volume 10, pages 23–39.
Leonard, M and McKnight, M. (2011) ‘Bringing Down the Walls: Young People’s Perspectives on Peace Walls in Belfast’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Volume 31, Number 9/10, pages 569–583.
Loughlin, J. (1998) The Ulster Question Since 1945, London: Macmillan.
Maruna, S. and King, A. (2008) ‘Giving Up on the Young’, in P. Scraton (ed.) Current Issues in Criminal Justice, Volume 20, Number 1, pages 129–134.
McAlinden, A. (2011) ‘“Transforming Justice”: Challenges for Restorative Justice in an Era of Punishment-based Corrections’, Contemporary Justice Review: Issues in Criminal, Social, and Restorative Justice, Volume 14, Number 4, pages 383–406.
McAlister, S., Scraton, P. and Haydon D. (2009) Childhood in Transition: Experiencing Marginalisation and Conflict in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast, Save the Children and Prince’s Trust Northern Ireland.
McAra, L. (2012) ‘Models of Youth Justice’, in D. J. Smith (ed.) A New Response to Youth Crime, Oxon: Routledge, pages 287–318.
McEldowney, O., Anderson, J. and Stuttleworth, I. (2011) ‘Sectarian Demography: Dubious Discourses of the Ethno-nationalist Conflict’, in K. Hayward and C. O’Donnell (eds.) Political Discourse and Conflict Resolution: Debating Peace in Northern Ireland, London: Routledge, pages 160–176.
McGarry, J. (2001) ‘Introduction: The Comparable Northern Ireland’, in J. McGarry (ed.) Northern Ireland and the Divided: The Northern Ireland Conflict and the Good Friday Agreement in Comparative Perspective, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pages 1–35.
McGarry, J. and O’Leary, B. (2004) The Northern Ireland Conflict: Consociational Engagements, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McGrellis, S. (2004) ‘Pushing the Boundaries in Northern Ireland: Young People, Violence and Sectarianism’, Families and Social Capital ESRC Research Group Working Paper Number 8, London: London South Bank University.
Monteith, M., Lloyd, K. and McKee, P. (2008) Persistent Child Poverty in Northern Ireland: Key Findings, Belfast: Save the Children.
Moore, J. (1997) ‘Paramilitary Prisoners and the Peace Process in Northern Ireland’, in A. O’Day (ed.) Political Violence in Northern Ireland: Conflict and Conflict Resolution, Westport, USA: Praeger Publishers, pages 81–95.
Morris, A. and Gelsthorpe, L. (2000) ‘Something Old, Something Borrowed, Something Blue, but Something New? A Comment on the Prospects for Restorative Justice Under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998’, Criminal Law Review, January, pages 18–27.
Morris, A. and Giller, H. (1987) Understanding Juvenile Justice, London. Croom Helm.
Mulcahy, A. (2002) ‘The Impact of the Northern “Troubles” on Criminal Justice in the Irish Republic’, in P. O’Mahony (ed.) Criminal Justice in Ireland, Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, pages 275–296.
Mulholland, M. (2002) Northern Ireland: A Very Short History, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Muncie, J. (2004) Youth and Crime (Second Edition), London: SAGE Publications Limited.
Muncie, J. (2009) Youth and Crime (Third Edition), London: SAGE Publications Limited.
Nairn, T. (1981) The Break-Up of Britain, London: Verso.
Neocleous, M. (2008) Critique of Security, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
New Labour (1997) New Labour Because Britain Deserves Better, London: The Labour Party.
Newburn, T. (1995) Crime and Criminal Justice Policy, London: Longman.
Newburn, T. (1997) ‘Youth Crime and Justice’, in M. Maguire, R. Morgan and R. Reiner (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pages 613–660.
Newburn, T. (2002) ‘Atlantic Crossings: “Policy Transfer” and Crime Control in the USA and Britain’, Punishment and Society, Volume 4, Number 2, pages 165–194.
NIACRO (2009) NIACRO’s Response to ‘Together. Stronger. Safer’ Community Safety in Northern Ireland Consultation, January, Belfast: NIACRO.
NICCY (2004) Northern Ireland Commissioner for Children and Young People Applies for Judicial Review Over Anti-Social Behaviour Order Consultation, Belfast: NICCY.
NICCY (2005) The Northern Ireland Commissioner for Children and Young People, Nigel Williams, Today Welcomed the Equality Commission’s Recommendation That the Northern Ireland Office Must Carry Out an Equality Impact Assessment on Anti-social Behaviour Orders (ASBOs), Belfast: NICCY.
Northern Ireland Office (1999) A New Beginning: Policing in Northern Ireland: The Report of the Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, Belfast: Northern Ireland Office.
Northern Ireland Office (2000) Review of the Criminal Justice System in Northern Ireland, the Report of the Criminal Justice System Review, 30 March, Belfast: Northern Ireland Office.
Northern Ireland Office (2002) Explanatory Notes on 2002 Justice Act Northern Ireland, Belfast: NIO. Accessed from: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/26/notes/contents (accessed on 1 June 2011).
Northern Ireland Office (2008) Together. Safer. Stronger Consultation Document, Belfast: Community Safety Unit, Northern Ireland Office.
Northern Ireland Office (2010) Agreement at Hillsborough Castle, 5 February, Belfast: Northern Ireland Office. Accessed from: http://www.nio.gov.uk/agreement_at_hillsborough_castle_5_february_2010.pdf (accessed on 12 February 2010).
O’Rawe, A. (2003) An Overview of NI Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Belfast: Children’s Law Centre Northern Ireland.
Pearson, G. (1983) Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears, Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Pinkerton, J. (1994) In Care at Home: Parenting, the State, and Civil Society, Aldershot: Avebury.
Pitts, J. (1988) The Politics of Juvenile Crime, London: SAGE Publications Limited.
Pratt, J. (2000) ‘The Return of the Wheelbarrow Men, or the Arrival of Postmodern Penality?’, British Journal of Criminology, Volume 40, Number 1, page 127–145.
Quinn, K. and Jackson, J. (2003) ‘The Detention and Questioning of Young Persons by the Police in Northern Ireland’, NIO Research and Statistical Series, Report Number 9, Belfast: NIO.
Ramsay, P. (2004) ‘What Is Anti Social Behaviour?’, Criminal Law Review, November, pages 908–925.
Reiner, R. (2000) The Politics of the Police (Third Edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Roberts, R. (1971) The Classic Slum: Salford Life in the First Quarter of the Century, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Rutherford, A. (2000) ‘An Elephant on the Doorstep: Criminal Policy Without Crime in New Labour’s Britain’, in P. Green and A. Rutherford (eds.) Criminal Policy in Transition, Oxford: Hart Publishing, pages 33–62.
Save the Children and ARK (2008) Persistent Child Poverty in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Save the Children and ARK.
Save the Children (2011) Severe Child Poverty in Northern Ireland: Briefing, February, Belfast: Save the Children.
Scraton, P. (Ed) (1997) ‘Childhood’ in ‘Crisis’?, London: UCL Press/Routledge.
Scraton, P. (2005) ‘The Denial of Children’s Rights and Liberties in the U.K. and the North of Ireland’, in ECLN Essays, Number 14. Accessed from: http://www.ecln.org (accessed on 12 September 2009).
Scraton, P. (2007) Power, Conflict and Criminalisation, London: Routledge.
Scraton, P. (2008) ‘The Criminalisation and Punishment of Children and Young People: Introduction’, in P. Scraton (ed.) Current Issues in Criminal Justice, Volume 20, Number 1, pages 1–13.
Scraton, P. and Moore, L. (2005) (Revised edition). The Hurt Inside: The Imprisonment of Women and Girls in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.
Scraton, P. and Moore, L. (2007) The Prison Within: The Imprisonment of Women in Hydebank Wood 2004–2006, Belfast: Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission.
Shirlow, P. and Murtagh, B. (2006) Belfast: Segregation, Violence and the City, London: Pluto Press.
Sim, J., Scraton, P. and Gordon, P. (1987) ‘Introduction: Crime, the State and Critical Analysis’, in P. Scraton (ed) Law, Order and the Authoritarian State, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, pages 1–70.
Smith, R. (2003) Youth Justice: Ideas, Policy and Practice, Devon: Willan Publishing.
Smyth, M. (1998) Half the Battle: Understanding the Effects of the Troubles on Children and Young People in Northern Ireland, Derry/Londonderry: INCORE.
Smyth, M., Fay, M. T., Brough, E. and Hamilton, J. (2004) The Impact of Political Conflict on Children in Northern Ireland, Belfast: Institute for Conflict Research.
Squires, P. ed. (2008) ASBO Nation: The Criminalisation of Nuisance, Bristol: The Policy Press.
Stephen, D. (2006) ‘Community Safety and Young People: 21st-Century Homo Sacer and the Politics of Injustice’, in P. Squires (ed) Community Safety: Critical Perspectives on Policy and Practice, Bristol: The Policy Press, pages 219–237.
Labour Party (1996) Tackling the Causes of Crime, London: The Labour Party.
Thompson, J. E. (2001) American Policy and Northern Ireland: A Saga of Peacebuilding, California, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Tomlinson, M. (2007a) The Trouble with Suicide. Mental Health, Suicide and the Northern Ireland Conflict: A Review of the Evidence, Belfast: Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety Northern Ireland.
Tomlinson, M. (2007b) ‘Suicide and Young People: The Case of Northern Ireland’, Child Care in Practice, Volume 13, Number 4, pages 435–443.
Tonge, J. (2006) Northern Ireland, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Walker, C. (2011) Terrorism and the Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Walters, R. and Woodward, R. (2007) ‘Punishing “Poor Parents”: “Respect”, “Responsibility” and Parenting Orders in Scotland’, Youth Justice: An International Journal, Volume 7, Number 1, pages 5–20.
Whitman, L. (1992) Children in Northern Ireland Abused By Security Forces and Paramilitaries, USA: Human Rights Watch.
Whyte, B. (2007) ‘Change, Evidence, Challenges: Youth Justice Developments in Scotland’, in M. Hill, A. Lockyer and F. Stone (eds.) Youth Justice and Child Protection, London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pages 158–174.
Whyte, J. (1981) ‘Why Is the Northern Ireland Problem so Intractable?’, Parliamentary Affairs, Volume XXXIV, Number 4, pages 422–435.
Yates, J. (2008) ‘Naming and Shaming’, in B. Goldson (ed.) Dictionary of Youth Justice, Devon: Willan Publishing, pages 239–240.
Internet Sources
PSNI, Operation Relentless. Accessed from: http://www.psni.police.uk/operation_relentless (accessed on 25 November 2011).
Media Content
Daily Mail Reporter (2010) ‘Scourge of Society’: Gang of Teen Bullies Who Terrorised City and Even Beat Up Disabled Man Are Named and Shamed, Daily Mail, 5 November 2010.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2018 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gordon, F. (2018). The Impact of Social Reaction on Contemporary Policy Responses to Children and Young People. In: Children, Young People and the Press in a Transitioning Society. Palgrave Socio-Legal Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60682-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60682-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-60681-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-60682-2
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)