Abstract
This chapter delves into the Lebanese media system, focusing primarily on the print and audiovisual media. To assess the Lebanese media, El-Richani critically applies the Hallin and Mancini dimensions of state intervention, political parallelism, professionalization and media market. Additional factors and subdimensions relevant to the Lebanese case such as the rule of law and the role of non-state actors are also highlighted. This chapter, which probes the interplay between the political system, the market and the media, draws on more than 60 interviews conducted with media operatives, political parties, civil society members and state representatives.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
AbuKhalil, A. (1998). Historical Dictionary of Lebanon. Asian Historical Dictionaries: Vol. 30. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
Amin, H. (2002). Freedom as a value in Arab media: Perceptions and attitudes among journalists, Political Communication, 19(2), 125–135.
Article 19 (2009). Memorandum on the Draft Law Amending the Press Law of Lebanon. London: Article 19.
Balčytienė, A. (2009). Market-led reforms as incentives for media change, development and diversification in the Baltic states: A small country approach. The International Communication Gazette, 71(1–2), 29–49.
Bingham of Cornhill, T. H. (2010). The Rule of Law. London: Allen Lane.
Boulos, J. C. (1995). La Télé, quelle histoire! Beirut: Editions FMA.
Boyd, D. A. (1991). Lebanese broadcasting: Unofficial electronic media during a prolonged civil war. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 35(3), 269–287.
Braune, I. (2005). Die Journalistenverbände in Jordanien und im Libanon – ein Teil der Zivilgesellschaft? Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut.
Curran, J. (1991). Rethinking the media as a public sphere. In Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks (Eds.), Communication and Citizenship, (pp. 27–57). London: Routledge.
Curran, J. (Ed.) (2000a). Media Organisations in Society. London: Arnold.
Curran, J. (2000b). Rethinking media and democracy. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass Media and Society (3rd ed., pp. 122–154). London, New York: Oxford University Press.
Dabbous-Sensenig, D. (2000). Media vs. society in Lebanon. Schizophrenia in an age of globalization. Media Development, 47, 14–17.
Dabbous-Sensenig, D. (2003). Ending the war? The Lebanese Broadcasting Act of 1994 (Doctoral Dissertation). Sheffield: Sheffield Hallam University.
Dajani, N. (1992). Disoriented Media in a Fragmented Society: The Lebanese Experience. Beirut: American University of Beirut Press.
Dajani, N. (2013). The myth of media freedom in Lebanon. Arab Media and Society, 18 (Summer). Retrieved from http://www.arabmediasociety.com/?article=833.
Dennis, E. E., Martin, J. D. & R. Wood. (2013). Media Use in the Middle East: An Eight-nation Survey. Doha, Qatar: Northwestern University in Qatar & Harris Interactive.
Djankov, S., McLiesh, C., Nenova, T. & Shleifer, A. (2003). Who owns the media? Journal of Law and Economics, 46(2), 341–381.
Eberwein, T., Fengler, S., Lauk, E., & Leppik-Bork, T. (Eds.) (2011). Mapping Media Accountability in Europe and Beyond . Cologne: Herbert von Halem Verlag.
El-Richani, S. (2013). The Lebanese broadcasting system: A battle between political parallelism, commercialism and de-facto liberalism. In T. Guaaybess (Ed.) National Broadcasting and State Policy in Arab Countries (pp. 69–82). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
El-Richani, S. (2015). Pierre Daher: The Sheikh of LBC – baron, mogul or both? In N. Sakr, J. Skovgaard-Petersen, & D. Della Ratta (Eds). Arab Media Moguls (in print). London: I. B. Tauris.
Fandy, M. (2007). (Un)Civil War of Words: Media and Politics in the Arab World. Westport, Conn.: Praeger.
Fawaz, M. (2013). The Role of Media in a Precarious Plural Democracy: The Case of Lebanon. Georgia State University Communication Dissertations, Paper 45. Retrieved from http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1045&context=communication_diss.
Freedman, D. (2008). The Politics of Media Policy. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Fromherz, A. J. (2012). Qatar: A Modern History. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Hadland, A. (2012). Africanising three models of media and politics: The South African experience. In D. C. Hallin, & P. Mancini (Eds.), Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World (pp. 177–200). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hafez, K. (2007). The Myth of Media Globalization. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Hafez, K. (2008b). The role of media in the Arab world’s transformation process. In C.-P. Hanelt (Ed.), Bound to Cooperate - Europe and the Middle East (pp. 321–339). Gütersloh: Bertelsmann-Stiftung.
Hallin, D. C. & Papathanassopoulos, S. (2002). Political clientelism and the media: Southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective. Media Culture Society, 24(2), 175–195.
Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hallin, D. C., & Papathanassopoulos, S. (2002). Political clientelism and the media: Southern Europe and Latin America in comparative perspective. Media, Culture and Society, 24(2), 175–195.
Hanitzsch, T., Hanusch, F., Mellado, C., Anikina, M. , Berganza, R., Cangoz, I., Coman, M., Basyouni, H., Hernandez, M.E., Kardjov, C.D., Moreira, S.V., Mwesige, P.G., Plaisance, P.L., Reich, Z., Seethaler, J., Skewes, E.A., Noor, D.V., & Wang Yuen, E.K. (2011). Mapping journalism cultures across nations: A comparative study of 18 countries. Journalism Studies, 12(3), 273–293.
Harb, Z. (2009). Aiming at liberation: Al-Manar media campaigns against the Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (1998–2000). Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 2, 51–75.
Harb, Z. (2011). Channels of Resistance in Lebanon: Liberation Propaganda, Hezbollah and the Media. London: I. B. Tauris.
Hardt, H. (2001). Social Theories of the Press: Constituents of Communication Research, 1840s to 1920s (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Hardy, J. (2008). Western Media Systems. Communication and Society. London, New York: Routledge.
Hourani, A. H. (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. London: Faber & Faber.
International Public Relations Association (2002). Unethical Media Practises Revealed by IPRA Report. Paris: International Public Relations Association.
Kamrava, M. (2013). Qatar: Small State, Big Politics. New York, NY: Cornell University Press.
Karppinen, K. (2007). Against naïve pluralism in media politics: On the implications of the radical-pluralist approach to the public sphere. Media Culture & Society, 29(3), 495–508.
Kassir, S. (2010). Beirut: Translated by M.B. DeBevoise with a Foreword by Robert Fisk. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Khalidi, R. I. (1981). The press as a source for modern Arab political history: ‘Abd al-Ghani al-‘Uraisi and al-Mufid. Arab Studies Quarterly, 3(1), 22–42.
Kiwan, F. (1993). The formation of Lebanese civil society. The Beirut Review, (6). Retrieved from http://www.ldn-lb.org/details.aspx?id=166.
Kleinsteuber, H. J. (2004). Comparing mass communication systems: Media formats, media contents, and media processes. In F. Esser, & B. Pfetsch (Eds.), Communication, Society, and Politics. Comparing Political Communication. Theories, Cases, and Challenges (pp. 64–86). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Klimkiewicz, B. (2010). Introduction: Structural media pluralism. International Journal of Communication, 4, 906–913.
Kraidy, M. (1998). Broadcasting regulation and civil society in postwar Lebanon. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 42(3), 387–400.
Kraidy, M. M. (2005a). Hybridity, or the Cultural Logic of Globalization. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Kraidy, M. M. (2005b). Globalization avant la lettre? Cultural hybridity and media power in Lebanon. In P. D. Murphy, & M. M. Kraidy (Eds.), Global Media Studies. Ethnographic Perspectives (pp. 276–295). New York: Routledge.
Kraidy, M. M. (2012). The rise of transnational media systems: Implications of pan-Arab media for comparative research. In D. C. Hallin, & P. Mancini (Eds.), Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World (pp. 177–200). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kraidy, M., & Khalil, J. (2009). Arab Television Industries. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Leckner, S., & Facht, U. (2010). A Sampler of International Media and Communication Statistics 2010. Gothenburg: Nordicom.
Mackay, H. (2000). The globalization of culture? In D. Held (Ed.), A Globalising World: Culture, Economics, Politics. London: Routledge/Open University.
Maharat Foundation (2012). taqīīm dawr ḫidmat al-baṯ al-ʿām fi lubnān (Arabic for “The Evaluation of Public Broadcasting in Lebanon). Beirut: Maharat Foundation.
Mancini, P. (2000). How to combine media commercialization and party affiliation: The Italian experience. Political Communication, 17(4), 319–324.
McCargo, D. (2012). Partisan polyvalence: Characterising the political role of Asian media. In D. C. Hallin & P. Mancini (Eds.), Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World (pp. 201–223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Melki, J. (2009). Journalism and media studies in Lebanon. Journalism Studies, 10(5), 672–690.
Melki, J., Dabbous, Y., Nasser, K., & Mallat, S. (2012). Mapping Digital Media: Lebanon. New York: Open Society Foundations Media Program.
Mellor, N. (2008). Arab journalists as cultural intermediaries. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13, 465–483.
Molotch, H. L., Protess, D. L., & Gordon, M. T. (1987). The media-policy connections: Ecologies of news. In D. L. Paletz (Ed.), Political Communication Research: Approaches, Studies, Assessments (pp. 26–48). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Nerone, J. C. (1994). Violence Against the Press: Policing the Public Sphere in US History. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nesemann, K. (2001). Medienpolitik im Libanon: Regulationstendenzen nach dem Bürgerkrieg. Hamburg: Deutsches Orient Institut.
Nötzold, K. (2009). Defining the Nation? Lebanese TV Stations: The Political Elites’ Dominance over the Visual Space: Lebanese Television and Political Elites, 1990–2005. Berlin: Frank & Timme.
Padovani, C. (2005). A Fatal Attraction: Public Television and Politics in Italy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Perrin, J. (Producer), & Bagdadi, M. (Director). (1991). Hors la Vie [Motion picture]. Belgium, France, Germany, Italy: Canal Plus, Filmalpha, Films Antenne 2, Galatee Films, Lamy Films, Raidue.
Pies, J. (2008). Agents of change? Journalism ethics in Lebanese and Jordanian journalism education. In K. Hafez (Ed.), Arab Media. Power and Weakness (pp. 165–181). New York: Continuum.
Pintak, L. (2011). The New Arab Journalist: Mission and Identity in a Time of Turmoil. London: I. B. Tauris.
Pintak, L., & Ginges, J. (2009). Inside the Arab newsroom. Journalism Studies, 10(2), 157–177.
Puppis, M. (2009). Media regulation in small states. The International Communication Gazette, 71(1–2), 7–17.
Rawls, J. (1993). The law of peoples. Critical Inquiry, 20(1), 36–68.
Rose, N. (1999). Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rugh, W. A. (1979). The Arab Press: News Media and Political Process in the Arab World. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.
Rugh, W. A. (2004). Arab Mass Media: Newspapers, Radio, and Television in Arab Politics. Westport: Praeger.
Sadaka, G., & Nader, J. (2008). wasāʾil al-iʿalām fī al-ḥawādiṯ ayyār 2008 (The role of the media in the events of May 2008). Beirut: Maharat Foundation.
Sakr, N. (2007). Arab Television Today. London: I.B. Tauris.
Sakr, N. (2008). Gaps in the market: Insights from scholarly work on Arab media economics. In K. Hafez (Ed.), Arab Media. Power and Weakness (pp. 185–198). New York: Continuum.
Sakr, N. (March 2006). Foreign support for media freedom advocacy in the Arab Mediterranean: Globalization from above or below? Mediterranean Politics, 11(1), 1–20.
Salibi, K. (2003). A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered. London: I.B. Tauris.
Schudson, M. (2002b). The Power of News. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Siebert, F. S., Peterson, T. & Schramm, W. (1956). Four Theories of the Press: The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility and Soviet Communist Concepts of What the Press Should Be and Do. Urbana, Illinois, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Soloski, J. (1989). News reporting and professionalism: Some constraints on the reporting of the news. Media, Culture & Society, 11(2), 207–228.
Traquina, N. (1995). Portuguese television: The politics of savage deregulation. Media, Culture & Society, 17(2), pp. 223–238.
Tueni, G. (1990). Sirr al-mihna…wa uṣūlaha (Arabic for “The secret of the profession…and its essence”). Beirut: An-Nahar Publishers.
Weber, M. (1919/1999). Politik als Beruf. In E. Flitner (Ed.), Gesammelte Politische Schriften von Max Weber (pp. 396–450). Potsdam: Institut für Pädagogik der Universität Potsdam.
Young, M. (2010). The Ghosts of Martyrs Square: An Eyewitness Account of Lebanon’s Life Struggle. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Zelizer, B. (2004). When facts, truth and reality are god-terms: On journalism’s uneasy place in cultural studies. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 1(1), 100–119.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
El-Richani, S. (2016). Anatomy of the Lebanese Media. In: The Lebanese Media. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60183-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-60183-4_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-137-60280-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-60183-4
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)