Skip to main content

‘Not in My Europe’: Extreme Right Online Networks and Their Contestation of EU Legitimacy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology ((PSEPS))

Abstract

With the help of social network analysis and digital methods, we examine the virtual communities of the extreme right in six Western Democracies and we relate them to their frames of opposition to Europe. All extreme right organizations with an online presence are mapped and the structural characteristics of their relations are illustrated. Thus, we analyse the anti- and pro-European discourses transmitted online by these organizations, focusing on key recurring European topics: What is the Europe ‘desired’ and the Europe ‘criticized’ online by right-wing extremist organizations? Illustrating similarities and differences in the strategic framing of the EU by extreme right organizations in the different countries, we find that variations across countries in terms of the development of a common anti- and pro-European discourse are mainly related to differences in the ‘communicational infrastructures’ built in the online world by these groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Ackland, R. and Gibson, R. 2005. Mapping Political Party Networks on the WWW. Paper for the Australian Electronic Governance Conference, Research School of Social Sciences. The Australian National University of Canberra, Canberra, 14–15, April 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-On, T. 2011. Transnationalism and the French Nouvelle Droite. Patterns of Prejudice. 45(3): 199–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, J., J. Birdwell, and M. Littler. 2011. The Rise of Populism in Europe Can Be Traced Through Online Behaviour…’ The New Face of Digital Populism. London: Demos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benford, R.D. 2013. Master Frame. In The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Social and Political Movements, ed. D.A. Snow, D. Della Porta, B. Klandermans, and D. McAdam, 273–274. London: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgatti, S.P., M.G. Everett, and J.C. Johnson. 2013. Analyzing Social Networks. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bossetta, M. and Dutceac Segesten, A. 2015. Tracing Eurosceptic Party Networks Via Hyperlink Network Analysis and #FAIL!ng: Can Web Crawlers Keep Up with Web Design? #FAIL! Workshop at the Websci’15 Conference, 1–3. https://failworkshops.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/fail2015a_bossettadutceacsegesten.pdf. Date accessed 11 Mar 2016.

  • Burris, V., E. Smith, and A. Strahm. 2000. White Supremacist Networks on the Internet. Sociological Focus 33(2): 215–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bustikova, L. 2009. The Extreme Right in Eastern Europe: EU Accession and the Quality of Governance. Journal of Contemporary European Studies 17(2): 223–239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caiani, M. 2014. Le grandi contraddizioni della destra populista. Il Mulino 473(3/2014): 450–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caiani, M., and D. della Porta. 2011. The Elitist Populism of the Extreme Right: A Frame Analysis of Extreme Right Wing Discourses in Italy and Germany. Acta Politica 46(2): 180–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caiani, M., and P. Kroel. 2014. A Transnational Extreme Right? New Right-Wing Tactics and the Use of the Internet. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 39(3): 1–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caiani, M., and L. Parenti. 2013. European and American Extreme Right Groups and the Internet. Surrey: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caiani, M., D. della Porta, and C. Wagemann. 2012. Mobilizing on the Extreme Right: Germany, Italy, and the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldiron, G. 2001. La destra plurale. Roma: Manifestolibri.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. 2011. A Network Theory of Power. International Journal of Communication 5: 773–787.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, A., and P.N. Howard. 2009. Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics. London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase-Dunn, C., and T. Boswell. 2004. Global Democracy: A World-Systems Perspective. Protosociology 20: 15–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinalli, M., and K. Füglister. 2008. Networks and Political Contention Over Unemployment: A Comparison of Britain, Germany, and Switzerland. Mobilization: An International Quarterly 13(3): 259–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, C.E., and E.E. Edwards. 2009. Taking Europe to Its Extremes: Extremist Parties and Public Euroscepticism. Party Politics 15(1): 5–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Della Porta, D., and M. Caiani. 2009. Social Movements and Europeanization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Della Porta, D., and M. Diani. 2006. Social Movements. An introduction. London: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Della Porta, D., and L. Mosca. 2006. Democrazia in rete: stili di comunicazione e movimenti sociali in Europa. Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia 4: 529–556.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diani, M. 2003. Networks and Social Movements: A Research Programme. In Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approach’s to Collective Action, ed. M. Diani and D. McAdam, 299–318. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2015. The Cement of Civil Society. Studying Networks in Localities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrari, S. 2012. ‘Il Panorama dell estrema destra europea. Populismi e destre estreme ad est e a ovest’, Relazione tratta dal convegno “I nuovi populismi e le destre estreme in Europa. Le sfide e le prospettive per la sinistra”, Osservatorio democratico, 13/03/2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, R.A. 2007. The Hate Directory. http://www.bepl.net/rfrankli/hatedir.html.

  • Freeman, L. C. 2002[1979]. Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarifications. In Social Networks: Critical Concepts in Sociology, vol. I, ed. J. Scott, 238–263. London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerstenfeld, P.B., D.R. Grant, and C. Chiang. 2003. Hate Online: A Content Analysis of Extremist Internet Sites. Analysis of Social Issues and Public Policy 3(1): 29–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koopmans, R. 2005. The Extreme Right: Ethnic Competition or Political Space? In Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe, ed. R. Koopmans, P. Statham, M. Giugni, and F. Passy, 180–204. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermet, G. 2001. Les Populismes dans le monde: Une histoire sociologique XIXe-XXe siècle (espace du politique). Paris: Fayard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriesi, H. 2008. Political Mobilisation, Political Participation and the Power of the Vote. West European Politics 31(1–2): 147–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe, L., G. Marks, and C. Wilson. 2004. Does Left/Right Structure Party Positions on European Integration? In European Integration and Political Conflict, ed. G. Marks and M. Steenbergen, 120–140. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Minkenberg, M. 2015. Transforming the Transformation? The East European radical right in the political process. London/New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mény, Y., and Y. Surel. 2000. Par Le Peuple, Pour Le Peuple. Le Populisme Et Les démocraties. Paris: Fayard.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mudde, C. 2002. The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mudde, C. 2013. A European Shutdown? The 2014 European Elections and the Great Recession. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2013/11/04/a-europeanshutdown-the-2014-european-elections-and-the-great-recession. Accessed 25 June 2014.

  • ———. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Padovani, C. and Pavan, E. 2016. Global Governance and ICTs. Exploring online governance networks around Gender and Media, Global Networks, 16(3): 350-371

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavan, E. 2012. Frames and Connections in the Governance of Global Communications. A Network Study of the Internet Governance Forum. Lanham: Lexington Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirro, A. 2015. The Populist Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe. Ideology, Impact, and Electoral Performance. London/New York: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Post, J.M. 2005. Psychology: Report of the Psychology Working Group. In Addressing the Causes of Terrorism: The Club de Madrid Series on Democracy and Terrorism, vol. 1, 7–12. International Summit on Democracy, Terrorism and Security, 8–11 March, Madrid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. 2013. Digital Methods. Cambridge/London: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rydgren, J. 2008. Immigration Sceptics, Xenophobes, or Racists? Radical Right-Wing Voting in Six West European Countries. European Journal of Political Research 47: 737–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D.A., and R.D. Benford. 1992a. Master Frames and Cycles of Protest. In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. J. Morris and E. Mueller, 136–152. London: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D.A., E. Burke Rochford, S. Warden, and R.D. Benford. 1986. Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation. American Sociological Review 51(4): 464–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D.A., and R.D. Benford. 1992b. Master Frames and Cycles of Protest. In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. A.D. Morris and C.M. Mueller, 133–155. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taggart, P. 2006. Questions of Europe—The Domestic Politics of the 2005 French and Dutch Referendums and Their Challenge for the Study of European Integration. Journal of Common Market Studies 44(s1): 7–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tateo, L. 2005. The Italian Extreme Right On-line Network: An Exploratory Study Using an Integrated Social Network Analysis and Content Analysis Approach. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10(2): article 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Treib, O. 2014. The Voter Says No, but Nobody Listens: Causes and Consequences of the Eurosceptic Vote in the 2014 European Elections. Journal of European Public Policy 21(10): 1541–1554.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whine, M. 2012. Trans-European Trends in Right-Wing Extremism. In Mapping the Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe, ed. A. Mammone, E. Godin, and B. Jenkins, 317–334. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Y., E. Reid, J. Qin, H. Chen, and G. Lai. 2005. US Domestic Extremist Groups on the Web: Link and Content Analysis. Intelligent Systems, IEEE 20(5): 44–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elena Pavan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pavan, E., Caiani, M. (2017). ‘Not in My Europe’: Extreme Right Online Networks and Their Contestation of EU Legitimacy. In: Caiani, M., Guerra, S. (eds) Euroscepticism, Democracy and the Media. Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59643-7_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59643-7_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-137-59642-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-137-59643-7

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics